Radioactivity PPT Flashcards
A distinct kind of atom or nucleus characterized by a specific number of protons and neutron
Nuclide
Nucleons
protons and neutrons
An isotope of a nuclide which is radioactive
Radioisotope
All systems in nature tend toward stability or instability?
Stability
The emission of energy and/or particles in order for the original atom to become more stable.
Radioactivity/Radioactive Decay
Who discovered radioactivity? What year?
Henri Becquerel, 1896
Carbon-14 dating is an example of?
Radioactive Decay
Radioactive Materials can emit: (4)
alpha particles
beta particles
gamma rays
conversion electrons
The amount of time when half of the original atoms have lost their energy and have become stable.
Half-life
Half-life equation:
(0.5)^n
The emission of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles
Radiation
Types of radiation: (2)
Non-Ionizing Radiation
Ionizing Radiation
Does not have sufficient energy to ionize the atoms with which it interacts.
Non-Ionizing Radiation
Examples of Non-Ionizing Radiation (3)
radio waves
microwaves
ultraviolet
Ion
An electrically charged atom or group of atoms formed by the loss or gain of one or more electrons
Has sufficient energy to ionize the atoms with which it interacts
Ionizing Radiation
Categories of Ionizing Radiation (2)
Electromagnetic radiation
Particle radiation
5 examples of particle radiation (not that important)
Protons Neutrons Electrons Neutrinos Ionized atoms
Kinds of particle radiation most important in radioactive decay
Beta particles
Alpha particles
Properties of an Alpha particle (6)
Helium nucleus 2 Protons 2 Neutrons 4 amu Electrostatic charge = +2 Emitted from heavy nuclei
Deposits a lot of energy in short distance.
Alpha particle
1-10 cm in air
0.1 mm in tissue
Alpha particle
______ are similar to electrons.
Beta particles
Beta particles have an amu of ____ and a charge of ____
0, -1
_____ reside in shells of atoms.
Electrons
_____ originate in nucleus of atoms.
Beta particles
_____ particles have less charge than _____ particles, therefore ____ KE is transferred to other atoms.
Beta, alpha, less
Deposits energy over longer distance.
Beta particle
10-100 cm in air
10-20 mm in tissue
Beta particle
Examples of ionizing electromagnetic radiation/ionizing radiation: (2)
x-rays
gamma rays
Using the EM Energy chart, energy increases as you move to the _____
Right
Energy is in the form of a “packet”
Photon
Where are X-rays are produced in atoms? (outside or inside the nucleus)
outside the nucleus
Gamma rays originate _____ of atoms.
in the nucleus
2 things about beta particles:
Mass?
Range?
No mass
Longer than alpha range
Radioactivity was discovered by whom? What year?
Becquerel, 1896
3 naturally-occurring radionuclides:
Uranium
Actinium
Thorium
Man-made radionuclides are made in what 3 machines?
Linear Accelerator
Cyclotron
Nuclear Reactors
Using the EM Energy chart, frequency _____ as you move to the right.
Increases
Using the EM Energy chart, wavelength _____ as you move to the right.
Decreases
Alpha particles have a ___ charge.
+2
