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History > Radioactivity > Flashcards

Radioactivity Flashcards

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1
Q

What does a particle contain

A

Protons Neutrons Electrons

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2
Q

What charge does each particles have

A

e=- pro= + neut= neutral

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3
Q

What prbit around the nucleus?

A

electrons

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4
Q

How can electrons move between energy levels?

A

electrons can move up energy levels by absorbing energy

down by releasing energy

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5
Q

all matter is made from (1)
the element copper is a metal that is just made from (2) atoms
an attom has a (3) whihc contains (4)
negativley charged particle called (5) orbit around the (6)
atoms have no overall charge so they are said to be (7)

A 
1
atoms
2
copper
3
nucleus
4
protons
7
electrons
6
nucleus
7
neutral
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6
Q

the relative charge and relative mass of Protons, Neutrons and electrons

A 
p
rc= +1
rm = 1
N
rc=0
rm=1
E
rc=-1
rm=0
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7
Q

What is atomic mass

A

top number
#protons and neutrons in nucleus
(#particles in nucleus)

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8
Q

what is the Atomic number

A 
#of protons in nucleus
#p=#e
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9
Q

define Isotope

A

the atoms of a element with diffrent numbers of neutrons. they have the same proton number but diffrent mass numbers

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10
Q

Why are some isotopes radioactive?

A

their neutron/proton ratio are too large/small

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11
Q

What determines an nucleus’ stability

A

n/p ration

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12
Q

what happends when a nucleus has a too large or too small n/p?

A

unstable

decays to form a more stable nucleus

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13
Q

how does an unstable isotope decay

A

emits radiation to form a more stable isotope (radioactiviy)

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14
Q

Why are some nuclei radioactive?

A

radioactivity
the property possesed by unstable elements of spontaneously emmiting energetic particles (beta/alpha) by the decay of their atomic nuclei on order to becom stable

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15
Q

how do unstable nuclei become stable

A

releasing particles from their nucleus in order to change the p/n

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16
Q

3 types of radiation

A

alpha
beta
gama

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17
Q

what is alpha radiation

A 
a helium nucleus
2 p
2 n
stopped by paper or a few cm of air
strongly ionising
weakly deflected
18
Q

what is a beta ionising radiation

A

high energy electron
stopped by thin aluminium
weakly inoising
strongly deflected

19
Q

what is gamma ionising radiation

A

an em wave (left over energy)
REDUCED by several cm of lead of meters of concrete
very weakly ionising
no deflection

20
Q

what do alpha,beta and gamma do to an atom

A

pull electrons away from atoms

21
Q

describe the use of radiation in smoke detectors

A

alpha
source pass to detector
smoke stops alpha partices reaching detector
alarm sounds

since very ionising / least penetrating
its stopped by smoke particles

22
Q

describe the use of beta in thickness of paper

A

beta source passes through paper
amount of particles detected on other side
too few pass through = paper to thik, roller pressure increase
too many pass through paper = paper thin, roller preassure decreased

23
Q

describe the role of gamma in leaks in pipes

A

radioactive isotop injected into pipe
detector is moved along the ground above the pipe
leak is located where theres an increase in activity and little or no activity after this point

24
Q

describe alpha decay

A

when an alpha particle is emmited from a nucleus, the nucleus loses 2 protons and 3 neutrons
meaning mass # decreases by 4 and atomic # decreases by 2

25
Q

What are the constants in alpha decay

A 
mass decrease by 4
# decrease by 2
26
Q

describe beta decay

A

beta perticle = electron emited from nucleus
occurs when:
too many protons, neutrons
one of protons or neutrons = transformed into other
in beta minus decay, a neutron decays into a ptroton releasing an lectron

27
Q

describe nuclei decay

A

completley random.
heating up source/cooling it down/squashing it/ breaking it up etc. has no efects

matter of probability

28
Q

define half life

A

time it takes for the # of nuclei of the isotope in a sample to 1/2

time it takes for the count rate from sample containing the isotope to fall to half of its starting level

29
Q

what is background radiation

A

exposure to a certain amount of nuclear radiation every day

30
Q

list the medical uses of nuclear radiation

A

cancer treatment
imaging
tracers

31
Q

how does a medical tracer work

A

half life
66 hrs

short half life and decays before it can do much damage
long enough to pass through body and be detected
decays into stable isotope

32
Q

how does a gamma camera work

A

allows radiologists to carry out tests providing detailed diagnostics about functioning of the thyroid, heat, lungs etc.

half life
66 hrs
short hal life and decays before much damage is done
long enough to pass thorugh body detected
decays into stable isotope

33
Q

how does a gamma knife work

A

gives you high doses of radiation
targeted to reach very small part of brain so it doesnt damage surrounding healthy tisues

half life
5.7 years
doesnt remain in body so half life doesnt matter
relativley stable, will not decay before it is used

34
Q

how does radiotherapy work

A

high dose of gamma directed to kill cancerous cellls
from outside using x rays from radioactive cobalt
from inside by putting radioactive material into tumor or close to it

half life
5.7 years
doesnt remain in body so half life doesnt matter’relatively stable
wont decay before its used

35
Q

describe a radioactive implant

A

small radioacltive source placed directly on tumor

small dose of gamma is given over a long period of time directly into the tumor (killing cells)

36
Q

what is the diffrence between a nuclear reactor and a nuclear bomb

A

nuclear power and nuclear bombs usually use a radioactive source (uranium usually)

both radioactive source under go fission to produce energy, but one explodes and the other doesent

37
Q

describe nuclear power

A

energy is released in a nuclear reactor because of nuclear fission

38
Q

3 types of fission

A 
nuclear
- unstable nuclei splits toform 2 smaller nuclei
spontaneous
- rare
induced
39
Q

descrube the fission process

A

neutron travels at high speed towards a nucleus
neutron strikes nucleus and captures a neutron
nucleus = unstable
transforms into elpngated shape for short time
splits into 2 fission fragments and releases neutrons

40
Q

how does fission relase energy

A

KE of products pf fissionare far greater than that of a bombarding neutron and target atoms
this enery is released as heat and used in nucclear reactors

41
Q

what is thermonuclear fusion

A

nucleasr FUSION occurs when nuclei are fused togather
generates heat energy
product aren’t radioactive

History (10 decks)

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