Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Last Leg > Radio > Flashcards

Radio Flashcards

1
Q

Bamboo spine

A

AS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ivory vertebra

A

Pagets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Highly RadioSENSITIVE

A 
WELMS 
Wilms 
Ewing’s
Lymphoma 
Myeloma 
Seminoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Least RadioSENSITIVE

A 
HOMP 
Hepatoma
OS
Melanoma 
Pancreatic Ca
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q 
Most RadioSENSITIVE 
1 stage of cell cycle 
2 organ 
3 tissue 
4 cell type
A
  1. G2M
  2. Ovary testis
  3. Bone marrow
  4. Undiff well nourished quickly dividing metabolically active
  5. Lymphocyte
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q 
Least RadioSENSITIVE 
1 stage of cell cycle 
2 organ 
3 tissue 
4 cell type
A
  1. M
  2. Vagina > bone > cns
  3. Nervous tissue
  4. Quiescent
  5. Platelets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Radiotherapy by Beta rays

A

SPY
Strontium
Phosphorus
Yt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

RadioRx by Beta and Gamma

A

Gold
I131
Radium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Radiotherapy by gamma

A

ALL except 🧟‍♀️

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Brachytherapy is INVASIVE RadioRx

A

Mc Interstitial
Intracavitary (GYNE)
Mould (skin ocular )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Interstitial brachy
1. Temporary
2 permanent

A

Temp- Ir. Cs. Sr. Co. Ra. Y

Permanent - Au. Pd. Cs. I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Used in both teleRx and brachyRx

A

Cs > Co > Ir

Cs - temp and permanent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Systemic radionuclides

A

I131

Only in well diff nodule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

P32

A

PV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cancer Rx by tele+brachy

A

Prostate CA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

TeleRx

A

Image guided RT

Helmet on brain - directed rays to tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Proton beams radiation

A

BRAGG Peak ➕

Most advanced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Use of proton

A

When tumor surround by RadioSENSITIVE tissue

  1. Post op CHORDOMA
  2. SACROCOCYGEAL TERATOMA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Types of RadioRx

A

Tele
Brachy
Systemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

TeleRx - EBR

A

With cyclotron
Linear accelerators;
1. With anode
2. Wo anode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cyclotron

A

Gamma rays on body
Co60 Cs 127

Cumbersome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Mc used TeleRx EBR

A

Linear acceleration with Anode
(LINAC)

=Xrays
Used now also

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

LINAC

A

With anode - 1. X
Wo anode - 2. Electron rays
Others
3. Proton beam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cyber knife

A

X Ray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Gamma knife
Gamma | Photon
26
Penetrating power 1. High 2. Low
High - X and Gamma (photon based treatment) Low - electron
27
Use of low penetration e rays
Superficial CA 1. Mycosis fungoides 2. Intra op Pancreatic CA 3. Breast
28
Photon based Rx
X and gamma show INVERSE SQUARE LAW I=1/r2
29
Skin erythema
EBR
30
Radiation interaction with metals types
Photoelectric effect | Compton effect
31
Low energy interaction from Innermost shell of atom
Photoelectric 1. Release characteristic energy 2. Bound e interaction. 3. Complete transfer of energy 4. DIAGNOSTIC radiation
32
High energy interaction with outermost or valence shell
Compton effect 1. Incomplete energy transfer 2. Scatter radiation
33
Earliest inv confirmation of preg
Beta hcg
34
Earliest inv confirmation of INTRA UTERINE preg
TVS GS 41/2 wks
35
Earliest sono feature of IU Preg
Thickening of endometrial at 21d
36
Earliest inv for confirming viability of preg
TVS Beating heart 51/2 wks
37
1st dating scan
6 wks No anomaly detected EDD BEST
38
8-10 wks shows
Anencephaly | Failure of ossification of frontal bone
39
Reliable anencephaly
After 14wks
40
2nd scan
NT | 11-13+6 wks
41
USG anomaly scan
18-20
42
Growth scan
28-32 | IUGR - Doppler
43
EDD T1 T2 T3
T1 - CRL 2- BPD 3 - COMBO of multiple parameters + EFW FL + AC
44
Most sensitive for IUGR
AC
45
FL and AC different by ——- wks indicated IUGR
2
46
S/D ratio Normal? IUGR?
<2.5 Normal
47
Diastolic notch on umb a Doppler
<22wks Normal | >22wks PE ?
48
No AV on Doppler testis
Torsion
49
Uterine anomaly | Gold Std
🥇 lap hysteroscopy | 2nd MRI
50
Necklace on ovary
Pcos
51
Radiolucent kidney stone
Uric acid Xanthine INDINAVIR Orotic aciduria
52
Cystine stones?
Opaque
53
Calcified kidney
Putty / cemented | TB
54
Stippled kidney
Neohrocalcinisis
55
Xanthogranulomatous pylenonephritits
Proteus Staghorn MAP stone Xanthoma cells on clear cell RCC Radiological diagnosis👩‍🎤
56
Emphysematous pyelonephritis
E. coli DM Air in kidney
57
KUB
IVP - Xray - CT - only indicated in early TB kidney MOTH EATEN PELVIS
58
Bladder and urethra
MCU
59
Urethra only
RGP
60
Colourful CT
3D CT
61
Key hole
PUV | Enlarged prostatic urethra
62
Cristmas tree bladder
LMN bladder
63
Angiomyolipoma
Tuberous sclerosis
64
Rice grain calcification
Myocysticercosis
65
Lytic lesion Epiphysis Metaphysis
Epi- GCT | Meta - SBC(fallen leaf). ABC
66
IOC acute pancreatitis
Biochemistry | S. Lipase and amylase
67
IOC assess severity of acute pancreatitis
Cect
68
Irreg dilated beaded ap pancreatic duct | CHAIN OF LAKE
Chronic pancreatitis | IOC - EUS
69
Atrophy of Pancras wo or w calcification
Chronic pancreatitis | IOC - CT
70
Colon cut off Sentinel loop Renal halo Gas less abdomen
Chronic pancreatitis
71
T tube cholangiography
No endoscope or MR | Percutaneous
72
Cart wheel sign
Hydatid
73
Nectrotising pancreatitis
CECT
74
Non invasive Even lumen distal SI seen No biopsy tho
Virtual colonoscopy
75
Acute appy IOC
CT (dia>6mm no contrast or air in lumen. Appenlith enhancing wall mucosal edema) Peds- UGS (blind non compressible >7mm)
76
Pencil in cup
Psoristic arthriits
77
IO suspected 1st iNv
X Ray abd Air under diaphragm ⬇️ ➕ emergency lap
78
No gas under dia
CT 🥶 100% | Left lat decubitus 90%
79
Riggler sign Triangle Cupola Football
Perf peritonitis
80
Oral contrast
BaSO4 - not absorbed in git - muscoal coating Only Swallow and follow through done now.
81
Mc site of ischemic colitis
Splenic flexure
82
1st inv motility dis
Swallow Ba | Meal- endoscopy!
83
Due to overlap of loops and incomplete dilation in follow through
1. Double balloon 🎈 | 2. Capsule endo (COSTLY ❌) - occultbleed Dx
84
See distal SI
1. Meal follow through (1-1.5) 2. Ba enteroclisis 3. CT enteroclisis 4 CT enterography (IOC) 5. MR enterography (follow up after CT)
85
Ba enteroclisis
``` Small vowel enema Inject Ba into DJ junc Fluoroscopy * only lumen * long tube ```
86
CT enteroclisis
Do CT instead of fluoroscopy
87
CT enterography
Drink mannitol instead Causes distension Inject iv dye
88
Cecal volvulus
Colon collapsed
89
Non progressive dysphasia | To SOLIDS
Peptic structure
90
energy comes from a source and travels through some material or space
radiation
91
types of radiation
1. ionising | 2. non ionising
92
ionising rads
beta x gamma alpha
93
non ionising rads
``` uv ir visible micro radio ```
94
order of cosmos rays 1. freq dec 2. energy dec 3. wavelength inc
cosmic -> gamma -> x -> uv -> visible -> ir -> micro -> radio
95
all EM have same vel
no mass no charge 3x10^8
96
x vs gamma rays
gamma - produced INTRA nuclearly | x - produced EXTRA nuclearly/mechanically
97
particle rays
alpha - +ve He e- Beta rays Proton BRAGG peak Neutron 0 charge
98
x rays | Radiological scans
``` radio CT PET Mammo HSG MCU RGU ```
99
gamma rays | Nuclear scans
Scinti RAIU Bone scan SPECT
100
for all Iodinated dyes
x rays used
101
ercp vs mrcp
ercp - ionising (Iodine) | mrcp - non ionising (water in bile)
102
2 inv NOT GIVING off radiation
USG MRI old ( thermography)
103
ioc choledochal cyst
MRCP
104
minimally invasive
cath angio laparoscopy arthroscopy
105
non invasive
CT angio | MR angio
106
Tc 99 MDP
bone scan osteoblast binding and gamma camera to detect gamma rays SCINTIGRAPHY
107
fluroscopy
c arm Ba swallow angio for PCI
108
fistulography
x rays
109
thallium for
gamma rays
110
non ionising for liver cirrhosis
elastography USG
111
chest xray cxr TB primary
``` latent infection ghons complex - LN pathy + (mediastinal enlargement) -subpleural focus -ve -lymphatics -ve ```
112
post primary TB CXR
reactivation - cavitation - fibrosis (septal thickening) - apical predominance
113
hematogenous spread
milliary nodules - primary - post primary
114
tree in bud
endobonchial tb
115
pulmonary edema
inc in PCWP (pul venous HTN) - normal 8-12 mm Hg - LL>UL
116
PCWP 12-20 mmHg
``` loss of gravity ANTLER sign reverse MUSTACHE sign cephalisation of vessels EARLIST SIGN OF PUL EDEMA ```
117
PCWP 20 -25 mmHg
interstitial edema thin PARALLEL LINES at base of lung Kerley B lines(perp to pleura) VENOUS HTN (NOT ARTERIAL!!!)
118
PCWP > 25
alveolar edema PERIHILAR OPACIFICATION "Bat Wing"
119
Lung layers normally barely visible on CT but in pul edema
VISIBLE | thickenend inflammed fibrosis
120
SPLIT PLEURA sign
infected EMPYEMA
121
INfection in post BM transplant | TREE IN BUD on CT
RSV pneumonia
122
necrotic LN in dx tB
CECT | normally enhancing LN are now not enhancing due to necrosis
123
normal pancreas on ct
enhancement + | necrosis -ve
124
signet ring tram tract cluster of grapes
hrct | cronchiectasis
125
honey comb lung
ILD - mc usual interstitial pneumonia - NSIP non specific interstitial pneumonia with GGO +ve COVID
126
mc mediastinal mass
thymoma
127
neuroenteric cyst
always ass with vert anomaly ant - eso post - spinal cord
128
PCA branch of
ICA
129
1st branch of AA
inf phrenic a
130
mc site of CoA
post ductal in descending aorta | - BL 3-11 ribs inf notching
131
rib notching - sup - inf - both
``` sup = VASCULAR inf = NON VAScular both = NF ```
132
fig of 8
supracardiac TAPVC
133
sitting duck
PTA
134
X ray sign of LA enlargement
bedford sign
135
LA enlargement | 1st sign
1st - straightening of LHB
136
LAE other signs
- LA appendage enlarged - SPLAYing of carina - post displacement of eso (earliest NOT SEEN CXR seen only on Ba swallow) - elevation of LMB - DOUBLE DENSITY SIGN - Bedford sign
137
NUcelar scans use ____ rays
gamma Tc 99 DTPA
138
radionucleide ISOMETRIC TRANSITION t1/2 = 6h energy 140 keV
Tc 99 Needs gamma camera Th activated
139
DMSA
to see Scarring only. cannot measure GFR IOC: VUR
140
carrier for Tc99 | excreted via GFR
Tc DTPA used for GFR assessing FUNCTIONAL RENAL TISSUE
141
Tc 99 MAG3
gamma rays excreted via - GFR -Tubular sec *better for renal func status
142
Tc pertechnate affinity for
- gastric mucosa - thyroid tissue - salivary glands
143
Meckels
+ve Tc 99 | at periumb and RIF
144
Parotid gland Tc99 -Warthin Adenolymphoma
-Warthin +ve | Adenolymphoma -ve
145
bleeding meckels | RBC scan vs Tc scan
Tc 99 >>>> RBC | sensitive
146
Tc positive
black Hot spot thyroid - benign
147
Tc 99 negative
white COLD spot thyroid - malig
148
t1/2 I131 I123
I131 - 8days. Beta and gamma (ablative) | I123 - only Gamma. 12 hours RAIU scan
149
in india thyroid scan
done with Tc 99 not I123
150
I125
RIA
151
MIBG
NE analog | pheochromocytomas
152
Sestamibi
PTH adenoma | myocardial viability
153
HIDA
Biliary atresia | GOLD STD- acute cholecystitis (ioc-usg)
154
MDP
bone scan -osteoblastic activity mets, #, osteomyelitis
155
Se methionine scan
pancreas
156
Octreotide scan
NET
157
Thallium scan
myocardial perfusion (viable vs non viable)
158
MUGA
Vent fuction
159
Vent function most practical
ECHO (op dependent)
160
Vent function OBJective tests
MUGA | Cardiac MR MOST accurate
161
viable non fucntioning cardia
Stunned (acute) | Hibernating (chronic)
162
non func cardia | viable vs non viable diff via
Thallium sestamibi cardiac mr fdg pet
163
18FDG t1/2
110 min emits positrons and undergoes annihilation releases 511keV Glucose meta by hexokinase
164
in fdg pet gamma rays
produced INSIDE cells 550 keV | No role of gamma camera (140 keV)
165
tumor expresses GLUT
3
166
Normal tissue showing high activiity FDG pet
Brain | Brown fat
167
2 tissue no activity fdg pet
carcinoid | bronchoalv ca
168
mc mimicker of fdg activity
TB
169
Staging of cancer
PET CET > CECT
170
18 F DOpa
Parkinson | Pheochromocytoma
171
A beta amyloid
Parkinson
172
Ga PSMA
prostate ca
173
Ga 68 DOTA TOC DOTA NOC DOTA TATE
NET
174
diff brain mets from - radiation necrosis - tumor recurrance
radiation necrosis - WHITE | Tumor - BLACK
175
CSF spaces
ventricles cisterns fissure sulci
176
hematoma - hyper - iso - hypo
hyper - acute iso - subacute hypo - chronic
177
SWIRL sign
acute EDH SIGN of ACTIVE bleed in EDH Rx even wo waiting for midline shift
178
middline shift
> 0.5cm
179
ambient cistern contains
PCA
180
after RTA NCCT 80% 20%
80% DAI | 20% punctate focal hemorrhage
181
DAI
shearing type of injury exercted in axons resulting in #axonodend junction
182
IOC DAI
MRI
183
punctate focal hemorrhage
- grey white jn - corpus collosum - dorsolat brain stem
184
MRI T1 T2 FLAIR
T1 T2 WW2 FLAIR = T2 - H2O (water is black)
185
- inc contrast btw dis and background - supress CSF - doesnt suppress edema
FLAIR
186
CSF filled T2 white Flair black
Arachnoid cyst
187
Inclusion cyst T2 white Flair white
Epidermoid cyst
188
Fat
black on T1and 2
189
STIR
T2 - Fat
190
earliest inv to check AS of sacroiliac jt
Subchondral marrow edema | STIR
191
Brain and rest of body
Brain - Flair | Rest - Stir
192
for blurry image
DWI
193
access brownian motion of water molecules. | some diseases brownian motion is BLOCKED -> Restricted diffusion
DWI
194
areas of restricted diffusion seen _____ on DWI
white
195
Causes of restricted diffusion on DWI
- ACUTE ISCHEMIC INFARCT (most useful) - high cellular tumor - abscess - epidermoid cyst DWI >FLAIR - encephalitis
196
spl type of angio w/o dye
MR angio | TIME OF FLIGHT imaging
197
mc dye for angio
Gd | MR - spectroscopy
198
abcess on MR angio
central necrosis with peri enhancing lesion | HALLMARK of GBM
199
death at Dx
GBM | Pancreatic ca
200
tech of MR wich assess biochem environment of tissue
NAA Choline Creatinine
201
NAA
N acetyl aspartate HIGHLY NON SPECIFIC Neuronal injury --- dec NAA * NAA dec inn all brain dis
202
increase NAA
Canavan dis - leukoencephalopathy failure to meta asp demyelination Alexander dis
203
c/o macroenceph + developmental delay inc NAA Diffuse demyelination
Canavan
204
co macroenceph + develop delay Dec NAA FRONTAL demyelination
Alexander
205
Phosphatidyl choline
increase in Cancer = Cell turnover from cell memb
206
marker of energy stores
Phospho creat in ATP
207
small ring enhancing lesion
- with eccentric scolex NCC | - w/o scolex NCC or TB
208
Spectroscopy - extra peak from lipid rich TB lesion
diff NCC and TB
209
caseous necrosis on spectroscopy
rich in mycolic acid (lipid) LIPID LACTATE peak | diagnostic for tuberculoma
210
no lipid peak on spectroscopy in
NCC
211
SWI
susceptibility weighted MRI | - best for Ca and microhemorrhages
212
stroke IOC
NCCT - ischemic normal (4 1/2 h thrombolysis) - hemorrhagic +
213
ischemic CT <6h
normal
214
ischemic CT > 6h
HYPO dense
215
HYPER dense intracerebral hematoma IOC
MRI < DWI
216
NCCT >4.5h normal
mech thrombectomy | do CT ANGIO in same sitting upto 24h to save ischemic penumbra
217
CT perfusion studies
normal 60-70/100g tissue
218
ischemia core - cbf - cbv - mtt mean transit time
cbf - <6ml/100g/min cbv - decreased MTT - increased
219
penumbra - cbf - cbv - mtt
cbf - 10-15ml/ 100 g cbv - normal INC Mtt - increased MECH THROMBECTOMY
220
NCCT HYPER dense - dense mca sign - sylvian dot sign
blood static in vessel | Acute ischemia sign
221
empty triangle sign
picket fence fever LST hyperdense walls with hypodense central thrombus
222
psudo delta sign
SAH
223
Physio calcification on CT
``` mc PINEAL choroid plexus interhemi falx ant and post clinoid lig habenular basal ganglia ```
224
``` patho calcification in CT Periventricular Ca diffuse nodular bracket calcification subependymal calcific nodules - starry sky Gyral pattern TRAM TRACK - ```
Periventricular Ca - CMV diffuse nodular TOXOPlasmosis bracket calcification - corpus callosum lipoma subependymal calcific nodules - tuberous sclerosis starry sky NCC Gyral pattern TRAM TRACK - struge weber
225
mc brain tumor
mets
226
mc primary brain tumor q
meningioma
227
mc primary intraparenchymal
glioma astrocytoma GBM
228
intra axial brain tumor
oligodendro GBM Mets
229
extra axial brain tumor
meningioma shwannoma mets
230
mc intraparenchymal to show calcification
craniopharyngioma | mc SUPRAsellar
231
mc intraparenchymal to show calcifi
oligodendroglioma
232
mc brain tumor showing necrosis | mc crossing midline (buttergly glioma)
GBM
233
mc tumor of pineal gland
germinoma
234
MRI tumor originating from meninges DURAL TAIL sign
meningioma
235
tumor blush on angio
meningioma
236
pineal gland location
post - sup to brainstem
237
micro and macro adenoma of pituitary
micro <1cm | macro >1cm
238
sellar + supra +Ca
craniopharyngioma
239
mc infratent primary tumor children
vermis - medulloblastoma
240
mc 2nary infratent in adults
mets
241
lat extn from midline vermis
ependymoma
242
midline solid tumor cerebellar peds
medulloblastoma | ependymoma
243
cystic lat to midline cerebellar in peds
pilocytic astrocytoma cerebellar hemangioblastoma SAME ON T1W
244
VHL
cerebellar hemangioblastoma
245
ice cream cone
vest shwannoma CP angle tumor | BL on NF 2
246
fever + neck rididity
meningitis | LEPTOMENINGEAL ENHANCEMENT
247
only neck stiffness
meningismus | SAH
248
fever + convulsions + alt sensorium (parenchymal#)
encephalitis
249
best way to dx meningitis
LP CSF examn
250
ENCEPHALITIS - brainstem and thalamus - fronto temporal lobes
- JE | - HSV type 1
251
neurotropic viruses
- HIV enceph | - PML
252
HIV dementia forgetfullness cognitive impairment
HIV encephalitis | ADC
253
JC virus | focal deficits MONOPARSIS
PML
254
triad of TB meningitis
- basal exudates BASAL MENINGITIS - hydrocephalus - vasculitis infarcts
255
BASAL MENINGITIS
- TB - syphillis - crytococcal meningitis India ink stain + HIV+ve
256
prominent virchow robin spaces (vascular) cryptococci in brain SOAP BUBBLE
Cryptococcal MRI
257
on MRI - asymm SUBCORTICAL white matter involvement - symm DEEP white matter involvement
- JCV | - HIV
258
lemon sign
lumbar meningomyelocoele
259
banana sign
Arnold chiari 2
260
geographic lesion + bevelled edges
eosinophilic granuloma | LCH
261
silver or copper beaten skull
raised ICT
262
pepper pot skull
hyper PTH
263
MRI eye of tiger
heller vorden spatz disease
264
MRI | face of panda
wilsons
265
Ga scan Panda sign
sarcoidosis
266
hot cross bun
MSA | cerebellar type
267
- molar tooth ap | - bat wing
Jouberts
268
dawson finger ap
MS
269
mount fugi
tension pneumocephalus
270
box car ventricle
huntingtons
271
ice cream triangle dural tail
ice cream ACOUSTIC NEUROMA triangle LST dural tail MENINGIOMA
272
bag of worms
AV malformation
273
tigroid patten | skin of tiger ap
1st Metachromatic keucodystrophy | 2nd pelzius mers becker dis
274
spine #
defines wrt PROXImal seg unlike all other # in body | eg. spondylolisthesis
275
frontal x ray spine ?
cervical rib
276
not seen in waters view
POST ETHM sinus | 2nd sphenoid
277
IOC for PNS #
CT PNS coronal plane - air fluid level acute sinusistis - thickening - chronic
278
hyperdense content of sinusitis
fungus ball DOUBLE DENSITY SIGN heavy metals
279
mammo | 30y ----> 60y
dense parenchyma heterogenous scatteref fibroglandular fat
280
benign on mammo
well defines wide no Bx
281
malig on mammo
ill defined taller Bx
282
linguinine wavy line on mr angio
rupture of intracapsular breast implant
283
CXR erect?
sup fundic bubble | PA view
284
if ant end of >5ribs cross diaph then ____ phase
inspiratory
285
clavicle oevrlies lung fields T1 IVERTED V high FFD less magnification
PA view
286
clavicle free of lunf fields transverse spino laminar line inc OBJECT-FOCUS distance MAGNIFIED
AP view app cardiomegaly a/b x 100 = CT ratio >50% cardiomegaly
287
rotated film
spoino clav dist
288
TOF apex?
RV apex
289
base of heart
LA > RA
290
if 2 strs of same density are touching each other ANAT CONTACT their intervening border not seen
silhoutte sign - arch of aorta - descending aorta
291
blunting of cp angle
150-200 ml fluid in pleural effusion
292
air + vascular markings | air + no vas markingings
``` normal PENUMOTHORAX - simple - no shift - tension - TRACHAe and diaph shift - hyrdothorax AIR FLUID LEVEL ```
293
more lucent and deep CP angle in supine xray
deep sulcus sign
294
loss of sliding pleural sign or stratosphere sign
ICU DX of pneumothorax
295
air fluid level - parenchyma - pleura
- parenchyma LUNG ABSCESS | - pleura HYDROPNEUMOTHORAX
296
focal oligemia in PE
westermark sign
297
vessel and mus SAME COLOR | vessel >> ms WHITER
no contrast | CECT
298
suppen dyspnea
``` CXR - ro pneumothorax PALLAS SIGN WESTERMARK SIGN -most characteristic HAMPTONS HUMP S1Q3T3 ```
299
Low probab of PE
r/o by screening for d dimer
300
high prob PE
``` trauma prolonged immobility preg ocp hypercoag IOC - CT pul angio ```
301
mc vessel in hemoptypsis
bronchial a embolise with PV alcohol particles NEVER GEL FOAM
302
``` MRI CT USG Fluroscopy X ray ```
inc order of resolution
303
positive contrast
white tissue and black background
304
negative contrast
black tissue against white background - air - water - mannitol
305
MR contrasts
Gd mc given iv ---> ECF and excreted via kidney post contrast always T1 MRI
306
no given to each tissue depending on deg of attenuation of xray by that tissue
HU
307
``` +1000 +100 0 -100 -1000 ```
``` metal coin +1000 CORTICAL BONE +100 acute hematoma 0 water -100 fat -1000 air ```
308
pt should hold still (hold breath) in seq or conventional CT except
ILD normal = 0.1mm ILD = 0.3/0.4 mm
309
principle of hrct
- thin slice thickness (beam collimation) - uses narrow field of view - uses bone algorithim for image recon
310
hrct uses
- ild - bronchiectasis - miliary tb - ent
311
multiplanar ct
spiral ct | SLIP RING TECH
312
width of detector determines the slice thickness
``` MDCT latest - angiography - phasic scans - ecg gating ```
313
IOC PE
CT pul angio MDCT | gold - catheter angio
314
ddx solid lesion in liver
- hcc - hemangioma - mets - hep adenoma (ocp and steroids)
315
HCC phasic scan
DUAL in HCC - inc HA - low PV
316
normal liver phasic scan
triphasic scan - inc PV - dec HA
317
HIGHLY SPECIFIC for HCC
- #arterial enhancement and PV washout in HCC | - #peri nodular enhancement in arterial phase with centripetal filling is hep angioma
318
T coronary angio 64 slice min 70-72bpm
ecg gating | preRx with BB
319
dual source CT
always MDCT - renal stones characterisn - hear scan at any rate
320
hardest stone in kidney
cystiene brushcite caoh.h20
321
IOC - Dx renal stone - charactersn of renal
- Dx renal stone NCCT | - charactersn of renal stone dual source CT
322
NCCT
- Acute hemorrhages - stroke in elderly - cortical bone - calculi calcifn - air
323
CECT
- staging - LN - infection, inflamm, deep abscess - trauma (NOT UNSTABLE or HEAD TRAUMA) - CT angio
324
IOC Dx SAH
angiography
325
MRI disovery | invented
edward prusell | lauterbery and mansfield
326
faraday cage
made of Cu to block earths mag field with MRI scanner
327
reason for MRI image formn
relaxation time - main magnets - rf coil
328
in mri all path have
inc h2o | inc T1 and T2 relaxn time
329
T1 | T2
1 - Longi | 2- transverse
330
normal whiteon T2
csf bile urine
331
brain T1 grey matter white matter
grey matter - grey | white matter - white
332
brain T 2 grey matter white matter
grey matter - white | white matter - gery
333
T1 hyper
``` fat blood prod proteinaceous subs melanin paramag Gd ```
334
T1/2 Hypo both black
DRY tissues - cortical bone - air - bloof FLWOING - Ca - lig, tendon and dense fibrous - hemosiderin
335
C/I MRI
``` free lying body Ferromag (eye or bullet) NOT ORTHO IMPLANT cardiac pacemaker aneurysmal clip cochlear implant met cardiac valves DBS ```
336
relative CI MRI
- claustrophobia | - T1 preg
337
uses of mri
``` Nervous tissue (pancoast) bm, medulla, cancellous intraos extent of skeletal tumor stress # OM AVN earliest inflamm condn MARROW EDEMA eg. AS osteochondritis dessicans lig, tenson, dense fibrous tissue ```
338
ct>mri
block vertebrae
339
bright lesion on T2W with imperceptable wall
simple renal cyst
340
Gd BBB?
- doesnt cross BBB ENHANCEMENT OF LEPTOMENINGEAL sign of meningitis - CI preg - CI lactation
341
se of Gd
nephrogenic systemic fibrosis FATAL scleroderma like illness GFR < 30ml
342
Gd excreted via liver?
gadoxetic acid | gadobenate dimeglomine
343
levovist | sonoview
USG contrast - gas flled microbubbles iv - inc echogenicity - prop to vascularity - SAFE IN CKD
344
usg constrast use
diff solid from solid in liver focal lesion
345
I2 contrast
``` X rays IONIC 2 - monomer - dimer NON IONIC 1 - monomer - dimer ```
346
ionic monomer
``` 3:2 1600 Osm HIGHEST - urograffin - gastrograffin - diatrizoate ```
347
ionic dimer
6:2 800 Osm low osm IOXAGLATE
348
non ionic monomer
``` 3:1 low osm 800 osm - iohexol OMNIPAQUE - iopalmidol ```
349
non ionic dimer
6:1 ISO osmolar 290-310 IODIXANOL (VISIPAQUE)
350
ionic ----> non ionic - purpose - cost - SE
- purpose RESOLN DEC - cost COST INC - SE DEC
351
SE of ionic contrast
- anaphylaxis (lactoid reacn Non IgE) - cin (RFT!!!) - MM
352
deterioratn of liver func <48-72 h of contrast admin in asence of any other patho
``` CIN contrast induced neohropathy - pre exist renal # - kidney exc - osm of contrast ```
353
RFT deranged - normal - mild - gross
mild - NID non ionic dimer | gross - NO DYE
354
prevent CIN
``` - adeq fluids use of ISO osm - SOD BICARB DOC no use of mannitol / diuretics - theophylline helpful and ascorbate useful HEMOFILTRN HELPS no use of hemodialysis ```
355
CI baso4
- SI obs (I2 monomer ) | - intest perf (same)
356
TEF contrast?
due to ARDS ionic mono CI they cause pul edema. Use non ionic instead
357
myelography
NON ionic contrast | due to risk of arachnoiditis
358
NON renal indicaton of non ionic contrast
- TEF | - Myelography
359
loss of post pit bright spot
central DI
360
younger age post fossa small tonsilar henation lumbar meingomyelocoele
Arnorld chiari 2
361
elder large post fosaa no tonsilar hernia cystic post fossa
dandy walker
362
pre pontine cistern
basilar a
363
fever convulsion vomiting
JE | thalamus #
364
x ray tube setting | MADE OF PYREX in VACUUM
cathode (-ve) gets heated via electricity releases electrons THERMIONIC EMMISION reaches anode
365
Target window
THINNED out pyrex allows xray to come out INHERENT FILTER for tube
366
order of x ray tube
x ray tube collimater patient casette
367
neg electrode most imp - FILAMENT made of THUNGSTEN generats e- by heating to >2000deg
cathode very high MP add THORIUM for stability
368
+vely charged electrode recieves e- generates x rays TARGET = THUNGSTEN
ANODE
369
Beta rays strike anode at speen of?
c/2
370
interaction with - NULEUS - orbital shell
- NULEUS BREMSTRAUNG - orbital shell CHARACTERISTIC both resp for XRAYS
371
knock off e- from k shell
bremhstaulung | MOST IMP FOR XRAYS IN ALL except mammo
372
e- bends and loses energy and releases photons as x rays
CHARACTERISTIC | mammography +
373
e- goes to anode and produces x rays
moa e- 99% x rays 1% HIGHLY INEFFICIENT
374
methods of heat loss - conventional - modern
- dissipation by CONDUCTION of heat - rotating target: 1. conductn 2. convection (oil bath) 3. radiatn
375
high energy x arys | low energy x rays
high - FORMS IMAGE + radiatn to pt | low - onyl radiatn to patient ( removed by filter)
376
FILTER
- doesnt afect image quality - dec dose of radiatn to patient ALUMINUIM
377
COLLIMATER
beam restrictor DEC SCATTER gives direction to beam MADE OF LEAD
378
CASETTE vs GRID
grid not a part of casette - not compulsory to use grid - made of parallel lead strips
379
fILM
made of AgBr in casette
380
GRID
- prevents scatter from reaching film - improves sharpness - inc dose od rad to pt
381
``` prop to voltage V=E E= penetration prop to WHITE on xray invesely to CONTRAST ```
KVP
382
``` current x exposure time no effect on energy no effect on penetration = photons per unit area = background blackness (film density) = contrast ```
MAS
383
COntrast depends on
noth kvp and mas tube current ex time
384
contrast predom depends on
KVP (image > background)
385
mod in heavy built
kvp
386
imp contrast in heavily built
mas
387
caTHode
Thorium
388
Anode to inc tensile strength
Rhenium
389
Mammo
Molybdenum
390
mammo tube vs others
- v high contrast (low kvp high mas) - low energy - high amperage
391
mammo target
Mb | others - Thungsten
392
mammo target window
Berrylium | others - thinnned glass
393
mammo filter
Mb | others elements
394
views in mammo | total4
CC | MLO (better) more breast tissue axillary tail
395
benign on mammo
well defined encapsulated macrocalcification POPCORN FADENOMA
396
Malig on mammo
- spiculated - articular distortn - microcalc (>5 foci, <0.5mm in 1com2) - loss of retromammary space
397
popcorn - cxr - mri - hand x ray
- cxr HAMARTOMA - mri CAV ANGIOMA - hand x ray ENCHONDROMA / CS
398
screenig for breast ca age
40 y no risk factor | risk = 30y
399
mammo screen - <30 - 30-40 - > 40
- <30 MRI (angiogenic activity ) - 30-40 MRI + mammo - > 40 mammo
400
lump
< 30 - usg solid/cyst? | >30y - mammo benign/malig?
401
``` age irrelevant preg breast abscess breast implant prev sx best ```
``` preg USG breast abscess USG breast implant MRI prev sx MRI best Bx ```
402
RADS
``` 0- incomplete 1 normal 2 - normal CRS 3 prob benign SHORT follow up 4 sus malig Bx 5 highly sus Bx 6 Bx proven Ca ```
403
non palpable | palpable
non - steriotactic B x | palpable - Sx bx
404
dynamic contrast curve type 1 2 3
1- linear normal 2 - plateau indeterminate 3 - WASHOUT MALIG
405
FFD - radio - cxr
radio - 100m | cxr - 180m
406
inc FFD
small image size | PA cxr
407
supine cxr
non ambulatory sick c spine # peds
408
left lat decubitus
min pleural effusion 10 ml seen erect - 100m
409
single coated MORE HARM | dounle coated LESS
ALL HIGH END single coated
410
double coated
conventional radio | DENTAL
411
``` non ionising non invasive easily available cost effective real time posrtable ```
USG | operator dep
412
ioc aortic dis
tee | stable - ct
413
round probe DEEP | flat probe SUP
2-7 | 7-15 MHz
414
principle of usg
PZT Pb , Zirconium, Ti piezoelectric
415
usg tvs vs tas
depth comes at cost of resolution in usg
416
prostate usg
PR>PA
417
most sens inv see layers of git till date
EUS | luminal + extraluminal or intramural prob
418
EUS 5 layers
useful for T staging - mucosa - mus mucosa BLACK - submucosa - muscularis BLACK - serosa
419
T staging breast bladder
breast MRI | bladder MRI
420
hyperecho on usg
air fat calculus
421
whnever calculus comes in path theres complete refln and shadow seen post
acoustic shadow - cal - bone +- air
422
acoustic enhancement
- cyst - fluid NEVER SOLID NO EXCEPTION TO THIS RULE
423
TEE - ant - post
- ant LA enlargement | - post DESC AORTA dysphagia lusoria
424
COMET TAIL - usg - ct lung
usg - adenomyomatosis of GB | ct - round atelactesis asbestosis
425
most sens to locate nodule in pancreas
endo US
426
doppler
presence or absence direction of flow vel pattern
427
POWER DOPPLER
extremely slow flow of blood
428
vessel transducer angle
cos theta | optimal <60 deg
429
pattern of flow - peri a - visceral a - vein
- peri a TRIPHASIC +-+ - visceral a MONOPHASIC W PULSATION - vein MONOPHASIC WO PULSATION
430
peri a doppler | SPECTRAL WAVEFORM
systole diastole PR all a of appendicular skeleton
431
visceral a doppler | = peri a if vasodilated
hepatic splenic renal a umbilical a
432
hepatic vein IJV SVC IVC
triphasic | valveless
433
elastography
hyperechoic - mc fatty liver - early cirrhosis METAVIRS SCORE fibroscan
434
harms in usg
acoustic cavitation | HIFU - Rx fibroid
435
``` tissue harmonic imaging cound imaging extended field of vision time sector scan abd steth ```
usg
436
normal in lungs
sliding pleura sign | lost in pneumo
437
USG ' B mode M mode
B - sliding pleura | M - sea shore Normal, pneumo - stratosphere sign
438
ioc gb stones
usg
439
retroperi ioc?
CT
440
pre req for usg - full bladder - empty stomach - drink water
- push ileal loops up - see gb stones - just before to see pancreas and >1h to see bladder
441
IOC locasie intra abd testis
lap fb MR
442
mc se of rad
skin erythema fatigue mc PSSC
443
Deterministic
``` DOSE dep Dose threshold exist Dose rel severity - cataract - infertility - alopecia ```
444
Scholastic se
CHANCE PROBABILITY - cancer - genetic se - terato
445
ALARA | 10 day rule
patient precausiton - 50msev/y preg - 5/term
446
operator - >100 msev / 5y - - 30msev /y
time dist shielding TLD
447
gen public
<1msev/y
448
exposure
SI C/kg | conventional - roentgen
449
absorption
SI Gray | Conventional - Rads
450
Equivalent
SI Sievert | Conventional - Rem

Last Leg (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions