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Last Leg > Micro General > Flashcards

Micro General Flashcards

1
Q

First line of defence
Rapid response (0-4h)
Non specific
No memory cells formed

A

Innate

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2
Q

Infection (natural)

Vaccine 💉 (artificial)

A

Active acquired

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3
Q 
Placenta (IgG) 
Serum therapy (art)
A

Passive acquired

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4
Q

Second line of defence
Delayed response (5-7d)
Highly specific
Memory cells ➕

A

Acquired immunity

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5
Q

2nd

Receptors in immunity development

A

PRR (TLR NLR)
Chemo tactic
Phagocytic

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6
Q

1st

Barrier

A

Mechanical - skin mucous membranes

Chemical - enzyme ph (secretions)

Biological - normal flora (commensals)

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7
Q

3rd

Cells

A

Phagocytic
Cytotoxic
APCs

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8
Q

Phagocytes

A

Macrophages
Dendritic
Microphages
Mast cells (HS)

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9
Q

Macrophages

  • O2 dep
  • O2 indep
A

O2 dependent
NADPH oxidase Oxidative burst

O2 indep
Phagosome lysosome fusion

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10
Q

Microphages

  • O2 dep
  • O2 indep
A

O2 dep
MPO

O2 indep
Granzyme and perforins

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11
Q

Cytotoxic cells

A
  • CD8 cell lysis

- Nk cell - granzyme and perforins INNATE ADCC

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12
Q

APC

A

Professional

  • dendritic mc
  • macrophages
  • B cells
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13
Q

4th

Cytokines

A 
Macrophages 
IL 1-15 
TNF alpha and beta 
INF alpha and beta 
GM CSF 
Chemokines
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14
Q

NK cell

A

INF gamma

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15
Q

Activated T cell

A

INF gamma

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16
Q

Major IL in
Fever
Inflammation
APC release

A

IL 1,6, TNF alpha

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17
Q

5th

Acute phase reactants

A

Complements
Classical - C1
Alternate - C3
Lectin- C4

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18
Q 
C1,3,4
⬇️
Common pathway 
⬇️
MAC
A

C53b6789

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19
Q

Mac effects

A

Cell lysis
Recruited inflammatory cells
Opsonisation

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20
Q

Enzymes in complement

A

C3 convertase

C5 convertase

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21
Q

Opsonin

opsonisation marking the antigen

A

C3b

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22
Q

MHC 1

beta2 microglobulin

A

open system
all nucleated cells of the body and platelets
graft rejection (cmi)
antigen binding group is alpha 1 and alpha 2

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23
Q

MHC 2

A

Closed system
binding group = alpha 1 and beta 1
APC
GVH reaction (ami)

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24
Q

MHC 3

A

complement mediated lysis

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25
Q

pathway of innate immunity

A 
antigen
barrier (mech, phy, chem)
host cell receptor
cells
cytokins
alternate pathway complement
kills organisms
cell lysis
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26
Q

antigen (pathway with molecular pattern) PAMP

A

innate immunity

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27
Q

host cell receptor

A

PRK
phagocytic
chemo

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28
Q

innate immunity CELLS

A

macrophages
microphages
NK cells

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29
Q

macrophages

A

release INF alpha and beta

stimulated by INF gamma

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30
Q

NK cells

A

release INF gamma

stimulated by INF alpha and beta

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31
Q

cytokines of innate

A

IL 1,6

TNF alpha

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32
Q

microscopy

father of microbiology

A

antony van leuwenhoek

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33
Q

louis pasteur

A

father of modern microbiology

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34
Q

vaccination
sterilization
fermentation

A

Louis Pasteur

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35
Q

Coined the term vaccine

A

CAR
cholera
anthrax
rabies

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36
Q

sterilization

A

hot air oven
autoclave
pasteurisation

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37
Q

fermentation

  • acid
  • gas
A

acid - pH indicator

gas - durhams tube

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38
Q

LF

A

E coli

Klebsiella

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39
Q

Maltose fermenter

A

Meningo

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40
Q

Mannitol

A

Staph aureus

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41
Q

germ theory

A

lewis pasteur

liq cx media

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42
Q

solid cx media
isolated Cholera, Anthrax, TB
Demonstrated hanging drop motility
staining tech (aniline basic dyes)

A

robert Koch

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43
Q

koch postulates NOT for

A 
m leprae 
treponema 
chlamydia 
rickettsia 
virus
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44
Q

acidic media

A

fluroscent dyes

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45
Q

f/o chemorx

A

paul erhlrich

discovered acid fast stain

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46
Q

endotoxin vs exotoxin

A

exotoxin neutrilized by antitoxin

endotoxin cannot

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47
Q

surgical sepsis

A

joseph lister

5% phenol carbolic acid

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48
Q

hand washing seven steps

A

Semmel Weis

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49
Q

Small Pox

A

Edward JEnner

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50
Q

Kleb lofner bacillus

A

c diphtheria

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51
Q

Freid lander bacilli

A

k pneumonia

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52
Q

shordin and hoffman

A

t pallidum

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53
Q

pathogenic bacteria
vegetative
non pathogenic (comensales)
spores

A

four stages of bacteria

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54
Q

kills all four stages

A

sterilization

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55
Q

kills only patho and vegetative

A

disinfection

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56
Q

dry heat

A

hot air oven

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57
Q

moist heat

A

> 100 degrees autoclave (culture media)
100 tyndalisation, 20 mins (culture containing gelatin, sugar) INTERMITTENT heating
<100 (80-85) inspissation, 30 min (cx eggs and serum)

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58
Q

physical disinfection

A

heat
filteration
radiation

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59
Q

non ionising radiation

A

IR

UV - ot and biosafety cabinets

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60
Q

ionising rads

A

X
gamma Co 60
cosmic COLD STERILIZATION CATGUT Sutures

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61
Q

dry heat

HOT AIR OVEN 160 deg for 2h

A

DEO
denaturation
electrolyte imba;ance
oxidative damage

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62
Q

controls for hot air oven

A

physical - thermocouple
chemical - brownes tube
bio - B SUBTILIS

63
Q

materials in hot air oven

A

glasswares
sharps
oily and powdery subs

64
Q

autoclave

A

DC
denaturatn
coagulation

65
Q

holding temp for autoclave

A

121 deg for 15 min

66
Q

controls for autoclave

A

phy - thermocouple ‘chemical - browne duck tape, autoclave tape
bio - B STEAROTHERMOPHILLUS

67
Q

materials in autoclave

A

rubber
all Sx other than sharps (NOT CATGUT)
all Cx

68
Q

for heat labile eg. serum

A

filtration

69
Q

types of filters

A

candle - water purificn
asbestos - SEITZ vaccines, antisera, Ig, Ab
sintered glass filter
membrane filter

70
Q

memb filter

0.22 -0.44 microns

A

bacterial isolatn - NOT chlamy and rick
surgical masks
biosafety cabinets - HEPA and ULPA

71
Q

alcohol chemical

A

non SPORES disinfectant

72
Q

methyl alcohol

A

surface dis

73
Q

ethyl alcohol 70%

A

skin dis Rubs and Spirits

74
Q

isopropyl alcohol

A

70% skin

clinical thermometer

75
Q

absolute alcohol

A

99.5% ethyl alcholol

76
Q

weak sporocidal high contact time

A

aldehyde

77
Q

FORMALDEHYDE

  • 40%
  • 4%
A

40% GAS (USED) = 100% formalin

4% gas = 10% formalin (USED)

78
Q

ot sterilization

A

40% formaldehyde

fumigation

79
Q

preservatn of specimens

A

10% formalin

fixation of tissues

80
Q

2% glutraldehyde

A

20 min for SCOPE sterilize
OPA
OrthoPthalAldehyde

81
Q

phenolic compds

A

sporicidal only at higher temp

WEAK SPOROcidal

82
Q

lab disinfectants

antiseptics

A

phenolic compds

83
Q

lysol

cresol

A

lab phenol disinfectant

84
Q

dettol CHLOROXYLENOL

savlon CHLORHEXIDINE+CETRIMIDE

A

skin antiseptic phenolic

85
Q

strong sporocidal

A

HALOGENS

86
Q

halogens

A

cl2
iodine
I2>Cl2

87
Q

types of Cl2 disinfectant

A

free Cl2

sod hypochlorite

88
Q
  • bleaching powder

- Cl2 tab (H2O)

A

free Cl2

89
Q

1% sod HoCl

A

mc LAB DISinfectant

90
Q

0.5% sod hypocl2

A

to kill PRIONS

contact time 2h

91
Q

0.2% sod hypoCl2

A

to disinfect water

92
Q

iodine + alcohol to make it stable

A

Tincture iodine

Povidone iodine

93
Q

ETO

A

ethylene oxide

strong sporicidal

94
Q

ETO moa

A

gaseous
alkylating agents that inactivate proteins
BACILLUS SUBTILIS

95
Q

materials sterilize by eto

A
  • heart lung
  • respirators, venti
  • dental eq
  • sutures
96
Q

OT? and ETO

A

NEVER

inflammable gas

97
Q

plasma sterilisation

A

free radicals ions
- heat LABILE instruments
- surgical instruments
BACILLUS STEAROTHERMOPHILLUS

98
Q

tests for disinfection

A
  • chick martin
  • reidel walker
  • kelsey skyes
99
Q

r/s on APC

A

MHC (1&2 => CMI)

CD 80/86

100
Q

MHC 1 r/s

A

CD8 T cells
express
- TCR
- CD 28

101
Q

MHC 2 r/s

A

CD 4 cells
express
- CD 28
- TCR

102
Q

MHC 1 MOA

A

MHC 1 —> TCR
CD 80/86 ——> CD 28

naive cells get activated
CD 4 activated, memory formed
CD 8 activated

103
Q

activated CD 8 release ____ IL

A

IL 2

causing Ag lysis

104
Q

MHC 2 MOA

A

on binding to Ag MHC 2,
- activated cd 4
- memory t cells
CMI activated

105
Q

CMI in MHC 2

TH1 CD 4 releases

A
  • IL2
  • INF Gamma MACROPHAGES
  • TNF alpha APR
106
Q

TH2 CD4 via AMI

A

TH2 cell, CD 40 ——> naive B cell, CD40

  • activates plasma cells —> Ab —–> cell lysis
  • memory
107
Q

self Ag

A
  • host cell (recog HLA+)

- sequestered (Lens and sperm)

108
Q

foreign Ag

A
  • complete
  • incomplete HAPTEN
  • Heterophile
  • super Ag
109
Q

complete Ag

A

Antigenicity

Immunogenicity

110
Q

incomeplete haptens

A

only ANTIGENICITY

111
Q

ONLY IMMUNOGENICITY

A

vaccine

112
Q

heterophile tests

A
  • paul bunnel
  • weil felix
  • cold agglutinin (human RBC )
  • strep MG test
113
Q

Super Ag

A

binds to LATERAL SIDE of Beta chain

hyperexaggerated Ab release

114
Q

Super Ag eg

A
  • staph TSST pyro exo C / enterotoxin
  • strep TSST 2 (PE A)
  • EBV
  • CMV
115
Q

Adjuvant

A

sub which inc the immunogenicity of organism

  • chemical
  • biological
116
Q

chemical adjuvant

A
  • MgCl2 POLIO

- AlOH 3 ANTHRAX

117
Q

biological adjuvant

A
  • pertussis

- FREUD’S adjuvant

118
Q

3 sites
2 enzymes
2 terminals
3 sulphide bonds

A 
Antibodies 
3 sites ( 2 Fab 1 Fc)
2 enzymes (papain and pepsin) 
2 terminals (NH2 and COOH)
3 sulphide bonds
119
Q

papain

A

3 fragments

2 Fab and 1 Fc

120
Q

pepsin

A

only 1 fragment

F(ab)2 no -S-S-

121
Q 
GAMED 
S. conc 
t1/2
heat stability 
carbo content
A

S. conc DECREASES
t1/2 DECREASES
heat stability DECREASES
carbo content INCREASES

122
Q

IDIOTYPES

A

based on VARIABLE region

123
Q

ppt and neutralisation
OPSONISATION +
stimulate CLAssical complement pathway

A

IgG

124
Q

pentamer (high MW)
Agglutination +
Opsonisation +
classical comp pathway +

A

IgM

125
Q

alt complement pathway +

  • URTI and GUT
  • epithelial barrier
  • mucosa
A

IgA
A1 - BLOOD
A2 - secretory (dimer)

126
Q

HS

A

IgE

127
Q

kohler and meilstein
1975
hybridoma

A

McAb

128
Q

Ag-Ab reacn

A
  • Precipitation
  • Agglutination
  • Neutralisation
129
Q

Slide VDRL and tube KAHN flocculation test

A

syphillis

PPTN

130
Q

Strep LAncefield classfn

A

PPTN

131
Q

EXOTOXINS

  • Anthrax ASCOLI
  • Diph ELEK
  • E coli EIKEN
A

PPTN

132
Q

Immunodiffusion

OORO

A 
PPTN 
DiffusionxDispersion
1x1 OUDIN
2x1 OAKLEY FULTHROPE 
1x2 RADIAL
2x2 OUCHLERTONY
133
Q

heterophile

A

AGGlutination

134
Q

WIDAL

COOMBS

A

AGGLUTINATION

135
Q

Rose waaaler

Sheep RBC for Dx CTD

A

AGGlutination

136
Q

HA

HAI

A

Agglutination

137
Q

Tuberculin

Lepromin

A

Neutralisn

138
Q

Shick

Dick

A

Neutralisn
Schick - Diph susceptibility
Dick - TSST (Scarlet fever Dx)

139
Q

ASO titres RF

Naegler (alpha toxin of CL perf)

A

Neutralisn

140
Q

Plaque assy

A

viral NEUTRALISN

141
Q

X - agammaglobulinemia BRUTONS
common variable immunodef
selective IgA def

A

Humoral

B cell def

142
Q

Di george
PNP def
CMC

A

CMI

T cell immunodef

143
Q

thymic hypoplasia

Ch 22q11

A

dii george

144
Q

defect in pre b to b conversion

A

BRUTONS

145
Q

PNP

A 
purine nucleoside phosphorylase def 
- excess purine 
- toxic to T cells 
- hyperuricemia 
Ch 14
146
Q

CMC

A

chronic mucocut candidiasis

CMI def

147
Q

SCID
WAS
AT

A

Combined

B + T def

148
Q

defect inn stem cells

m/c ADA def

A

SCID

149
Q

WASP gene #

A

WAS

150
Q

Kinase enz def

A

Ataxia telangiectasia

151
Q

chediak higashi
lazy leucocyte synd
leucocyte adhesion defect
CGD

A

phagocytic dis

152
Q

defective phagolysosome fusion

A

chediak higashi

153
Q

no chemotaxis

A

lazy leucocyte synd

154
Q

defect in NADPH oxidase

A

CGD

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