🇿🇦radicalisation of resistance and the consolidation of NP power 1960-68

Question 1

why did opposition to apartheid increase during 1960-61?

Answer 1

-split of ANC and PAC divided major African political organisations but helped mobilise new communities
-rural political movements in homelands with connections to ANC, PAC, challenged government at local level

Question 2

peaceful protest

Answer 2

-in the 1950s ANC managed to organise people into taking part in political action
-the PAC challenged this as they didn’t want peaceful negotiations- they felt that anger and violence would advance the movement more effectively-> they had an unfocused idea of freedom than a non-racial democracy

Question 3

Robert Sobukwe & the Sharpeville massacre

Answer 3

-leader of PAC, despite a lack of experience in politics/campiagns
-focused on pass laws
-he knew the ANC planned a campaign on March 31 1960 but announced the PAC would start their march on March 21 to outdo the ANC
-this was the sharpeville massacre which killed 69 people when the police opened fire on 5000 peaceful protestors
-inexperienced policemen were sent in to control the situation who then opened fire despite not being ordered to by the regional chief of police, Lieutenant Colonel Pienaar
-ANC was troubled by the PAC when they found out they planned a protest before them and Mandela claimed they sabotaged them
-PAC’s plan of action was the same as the ANC’s as they sent themselves to risk arrest to campaign against the pass laws and clog up the Supreme Court

Question 4

how many people did the sharpeville massacre kill

Answer 4

69

Question 5

what date was the sharpeville massacre

Answer 5

21 March 1960

Question 6

by march 25 1960 what % of cape town’s workforce on strike

Answer 6

25

Question 7

28th March 1960- ANC protest

Answer 7

-anti-pass protest
-organised a mass pass-burning in Pretoria for the Treason Trial
-called a stay away which was similar to a strike but they stayed at home to avoid police and interaction at the end of March for mourning

Question 8

when did the gov declare state of emergency

Answer 8

30th march 1960

Question 9

state of emergency

Answer 9

-declared after sharpeville massacre and criticism

Question 10

30th march 1960

Answer 10

-Phillip Kgosana led some of the 30,000 africans in a march in a non-violent demonstration
-he gathered a large group outside a police station near where a whites-only parliament was taking place to debate the protests that had happened
-police told him the Minister of Justice would see them if he told the crowd to disperse
-the crowd dispersed due to Kgosana’s fear of the violent methods the police might use if they didn’t
-police lied and meeting never happened

Question 11

31st March 1960

Answer 11

-protest started in Cato Manor, Durban
-activists tried to stop workers from going to work
-non-violent clashes between the protestors and police alongside protesters and those who wanted to go to work

Question 12

16th December 1960- violent approach

Answer 12

-ANC launched Umkhonto weSizwe (MK) as an armed wing
-moved to armed struggle as realised the gov met peaceful demands with force so they had no choice

Question 13

SHARPEVILLE MASSACRE