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C5 > RADIATION THERAPY > Flashcards

RADIATION THERAPY Flashcards

1
Q

Medical use of ionizing radiation as part of cancer treatment to kill or disable malignant tumors.

A

RADIATION THERAPY

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2
Q

A medical doctor specializing in the use of ionizing radiation to treat diseases.

A

radiation oncologist

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3
Q

Prescribes radiation dose and determines the regions for treatment.

A

radiation oncologist

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4
Q

Responsible for equipment calibration, maintenance, and dosage advice.

A

medical physicist

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5
Q

Plans treatments to target tumors while protecting vital structures.

A

medical dosimetrist

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6
Q

Administers treatments, maintains records, and monitors patient well-being.

A

radiation therapist

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7
Q

Define adjuvant therapy in radiation treatment.

A

therapy to destroy leftover microscopic cancer cells post-surgery to prevent recurrence.

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8
Q

What is neoadjuvant therapy?

A

Pre-surgical therapy to shrink tumors, making surgery less extensive.

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9
Q

What is palliative radiation treatment?

A

Aims to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life in advanced cancer cases.

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10
Q

What is metastasis?

A

The spread of cancer from the primary tumor to other body sites.

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11
Q

Name the three pathways of malignant neoplasm spread.

A

Seeding, lymphatic spread, and hematogenous spread.

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12
Q

Transport of tumor cells via lymph nodes to other body parts, common in carcinomas.

A

lymphatic spread

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13
Q

Spread via blood, typical for sarcomas and some carcinomas, following venous flow.

A

hematogenous spread

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14
Q

What is remission?

A

A period or stage where cancer signs and symptoms are absent.

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15
Q

What is complete remission?

A

All cancer signs and symptoms are gone.

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16
Q

Tumor size is reduced but not entirely gone.

A

partial remission

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17
Q

What qualifies a patient as “cured” of cancer?

A

Being free of signs and symptoms for five years.

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18
Q

Define “second primary cancer.”

A

A new cancer unrelated to the previous one.

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19
Q

What is local recurrence?

A

Return of cancer at the original site.

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20
Q

What is regional recurrence?

A

Return of cancer in nearby lymph nodes or tissues.

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21
Q

What is distant recurrence?

A

Cancer reappears at a site far from the original location.

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22
Q

Name the three major subtypes of cancer.

A

Carcinoma, sarcoma, and lymphoma.

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23
Q

Define carcinoma.

A

Cancer originating from epithelial tissue.

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24
Q

Define sarcoma.

A

Cancer originating from connective tissue.

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25
Q

Define lymphoma.

A

Cancer involving blood-forming tissues.

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26
Q

Name three external cancer risk factors.

A

Chemical exposure, viruses, and ionizing radiation.

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27
Q

Name three internal cancer risk factors.

A

Hormones, genetic mutations, and immune system disorders.

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28
Q

List general cancer symptoms.

A

Weight loss, fever, fatigue, pain, skin changes, and bowel/bladder function changes.

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29
Q

What is a biopsy?

A

Removal of tissue to determine the presence or extent of disease.

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30
Q

Name the types of biopsy.

A

Surgical, excisional, incisional, fine needle aspiration, and core needle.

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31
Q

What does tumor grading assess?

A

The tumor’s appearance under a microscope to indicate its aggressiveness.

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32
Q

What does tumor staging assess?

A

The extent of tumor spread in the body.

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33
Q

What does the TNM system stand for?

A

Tumor size (T), Node involvement (N), and Metastasis (M).

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34
Q

What is Stage 0 cancer?

A

Occult lesion with no clinical evidence of cancer.

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35
Q

What is Stage I cancer?

A

Small lesion confined to the organ of origin without lymphatic or vascular spread.

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36
Q

Describe Stage II cancer.

A

Tumor <5 cm with local tissue invasion and lymph node involvement but no metastasis.

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37
Q

Describe Stage III cancer.

A

Tumor >5 cm with deeper structure invasion and lymph involvement but no metastasis.

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38
Q

What is Stage IV cancer?

A

Extensive lesion with distant metastasis.

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39
Q

List the steps in tumor localization simulation.

A

Patient immobilization, tumor volume definition, treatment planning, and verification.

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40
Q

Name two immobilization devices used in radiation therapy.

A

Thermoplastic mask and alpha cradle.

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41
Q

What is thermoplastic mask used for?

A

Immobilizing the head by molding to its shape when heated.

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42
Q

What is alpha cradle used for?

A

Immobilizing the head and extremities using a styro-like material.

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43
Q

Name the three types of radiation therapy.

A

EBRT (Teletherapy), Brachytherapy, and Systemic Radioisotope Therapy.

44
Q

Define EBRT or Teletherapy.

A

External beam treatment with radiation emitted from a machine.

45
Q

Device for treating lesions near the skin surface (50-120 kVp).

A

superficial machine

46
Q

Treats moderately superficial tissues using 250 kVp.

A

orthovoltage radiation therapy

47
Q

An electron accelerator using magnetic induction, also producing photons.

A

Betatron

48
Q

What is Cobalt-60 used for?

A

Radiation therapy with a gamma-emitting isotope.

49
Q

Name the machine developed in 1925 for radiation therapy.

A

Linac (Linear accelerator).

50
Q

What does 2DXRT stand for?

A

Two-dimensional conventional external beam radiotherapy.

51
Q

Define 3DCRT.

A

3D Conformal Radiotherapy using multileaf collimators.

52
Q

What is 4DXRT or IGRT?

A

Image-guided, real-time radiotherapy.

53
Q

What is IMRT?

A

Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy.

54
Q

A precise form of radiotherapy, often using gamma knives.

A

stereotactic radiosurgery

55
Q

Radiation therapy using particles like protons or neutrons.

A

particle therapy

56
Q

Treatment involving placement of radioactive material inside the patient.

A

brachytherapy

57
Q

Name three techniques of brachytherapy.

A

Mould, intracavitary, and interstitial.

58
Q

What is HDR brachytherapy?

A

High-dose rate brachytherapy delivering >1200 cGy/hr in minutes.

59
Q

What is LDR brachytherapy?

A

Low-dose rate brachytherapy delivering 40-500 cGy/hr over days.

60
Q

Radiation delivered through infusion or ingestion.

A

systemic radioisotope therapy

61
Q

Name a clinical application of megavoltage radiation.

A

Treating laryngeal cancer with 6300-6500 cGy over six weeks.

62
Q

What radiation is used for epiglottis treatment?

A

Post-op dose of 4000-4500 cGy.

63
Q

Define the dose for subglottis cancer.

A

4500 cGy.

64
Q

How is skin cancer treated with radiation?

A

Superficial radiation delivering 4000-5000 cGy over 3-4 weeks.

65
Q

What is the typical dose for medulloblastoma?

A

4500 cGy for the brain, 3500-4500 cGy for the spinal cord.

66
Q

Define the radiation dose for oral cavity cancer.

A

6000 cGy over four weeks using orthovoltage.

66
Q

Radiation dose for lung cancer treatment?

A

5000-6000 cGy with 10 MeV.

67
Q

What dose is used for prostate cancer radiation therapy?

A

7600 cGy using a megavoltage beam.

68
Q

What dose is used for cervical cancer radiation therapy?

A

4500-5000 cGy over five weeks.

69
Q

Typical dose for Hodgkin’s disease radiation therapy?

A

disease radiation therapy? 3000-4000 cGy using megavoltage.

70
Q

Breast cancer radiation therapy dose?

A

5000 cGy over five weeks.

71
Q

What is a hotspot in radiation therapy?

A

An area receiving excessive radiation dose.

72
Q

Encapsulated radioactive material for precise delivery.

A

sealed source

73
Q

Placement of the radioactive source near the lesion.

A

mould technique

74
Q

Radioactive source placed inside a body cavity.

A

intracavitary brachytherapy

75
Q

Radioactive source implanted directly into a tumor.

A

interstitial brachytherapy

76
Q

Typical duration of LDR brachytherapy?

A

Three to four days.

77
Q

Typical duration of HDR brachytherapy?

A

10-20 minutes per session.

78
Q

How is systemic therapy administered?

A

By infusion or ingestion of radioactive material.

79
Q

What is the purpose of treatment planning?

A

To define tissue volume within the radiation field.

80
Q

Define seeding in metastasis.

A

Cancer spread via body cavity surfaces.

81
Q

Define prophylactic radiation treatment.

A

Preventive therapy to stop cancer growth and spread.

82
Q

Educates patients on side effects and assists in management.

A

oncology nurse

83
Q

Define “microscopic disease” in oncology.

A

Cancer not detectable with imaging but present at the cellular level.

84
Q

What is radiation’s primary biological target?

A

DNA of cells.

85
Q

What is the function of a collimator in 3DCRT?

A

Shapes the radiation beam to match the tumor.

86
Q

Treatment aimed at eliminating cancer entirely.

A

curative treatment.

87
Q

Custom-made devices for beam shaping in radiotherapy.

A

cerrobend blocks

88
Q

What is IGRT’s advantage over traditional therapy?

A

Real-time imaging for higher accuracy.

89
Q

What is the typical SSD for Cobalt-60 therapy?

A

80 cm.

90
Q

What is the role of electron beams in radiotherapy?

A

Treat superficial tumors due to limited tissue penetration.

91
Q

Define multi-leaf collimator.

A

A device to shape radiation beams in advanced therapies.

92
Q

What is the half-life of Technetium-99m

A

6 hours

93
Q

What is the half-life of iodine-131?

A

8 days

94
Q

What is the half-life of iodine-123

A

13.2 hours

95
Q

What is the half-life of radium 223

A

11.4 days

96
Q

What is the half-life of radium 226

A

1,600 years

97
Q

What is the half-life of carbon 14

A

5730 years

98
Q

What is the half-life of iridium 192

A

73.83 dys

99
Q

What is the half-life of cobalt 60

A

5.26 years

100
Q

What is the half-life of cesium 137

A

30 years

101
Q

What is the half-life of strontium 90

A

28.8-29.1 years

102
Q

What is the half-life of molybdenum-99

A

66.02 hours

103
Q

What is the half-life of gold-197

A

2.7 days

104
Q

What is the half-life of technetium-99

A

211,000 years

105
Q

What is the half-life of xenon-133

A

5.245 days

106
Q

What is the half-life of tahllium-201

A

73.1 hours

C5 (5 decks)

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