radiation protection Flashcards
where does most radiation come from
Radon and Thoron (background)
where does Radon and thoron come from
Gas from the ground that we inhale
what kind of particles are Radon and thoron
Alpha particles
what is radiation from space
Cosmic and sun raises
what is interal radiation
Injested radiation
whatis consumer radiation
Focile fuels, mostly smoking
products that produce radiation
Smoke detectors
what is occupational radiation
Job exposure
what is Fleuoscopy
using radioactive stuff inside you to see better
when was the last dental survey of radiographs
2014-2015
what does ALARM stand for
as low as reasonable achievable
how many intraoral exams are done
493,185,000
what does NEXT stnad for
National Evaluation of X-ray tends
what are the principles of radiation protection
Justification (patient benefit) Optimization (adequate diagnositic infro with the lowest possible exposure) - which image type is best Dose Limitation (protection of occupationally exposed individuals
when are radiographs chosen
After thorough clinical examination
- med history
- dental history
- Clnical findings
what are the standard radiographs for all patients
No “standard” radiograph
what are the special considerations for prescription dental images
Previous Radiotherapy
Pregnancy
Can you take images of a pregnant women
Yes, because dental X-rays are low dose
- shy away though cuz of risk
- focus on emergencies
- wait for baby to be born
what films take the longest time
D-speed film the longest exposure time F-speed film E-spped film SPP CCD fastest
Comparison of tube voltage and tube current for D, e and F speed film
All about the same
how does X-ray tube length affect the X-ray beam
leads to a dose reduction of 10-25% if farther away
How does Filtration affect the X-ray beam
3mm of AL leads to a dose reduction of 80%
Federal guidelines for filtration
total filtration of 50-70 KVp: 1.5mm
Total filtration of 70 KVP and more: 2.5mm
what is the Optimal operation KVP (potential
60-70 KVP (leads to the best clearity)
how is exposure time set
Set by the operator
how does over and under exposed look
under: white
OVer: black
what happens if KVP is too low or too high
Too high: too many chades of gray
too low: too little shades of gray
how does Collimation affect dose
Reduces dose approximately 60%
does the young or old have more risk to radiation
Young at higher risk
when is a thyroid collar used
appropriate (won’t ruin the image)
Should a lead apron be used
Deemed unncessary by ADA and NCRP
how far must an operator stand if no barrier
6 feet away
angle of 90-135 from the central ray
how should barriers be set up for the operator
Use a leaded glass window
consult with a qualified expert with knowledge of state regulated minimal shielding requirements
can the operator hold the film/sensos or x-ray tube during exposures
No
why are dose limits set
Ensure no determinisitic effects and decrease probablity of stochastic effects
who sets guidelines for the Planned exposure situations
NCRP and ICRP
what do exposure guidlines not accold
Background, consumer, or diagnostic radiation
who should have the lowest exposures to X-rays
The public( people just hanging in the office)
what is the doselimit dor Occupationally exposed individuals
1 mSv
dose limit to a fetus
not exceed 1 mSv for the remainder of the pregnancydecalared
how much dose do operators of dental X-ray equiment get annual
.2mSV (1% of allowable dose)
INfectional contraol and Dental radiographs
Good, follow guidlines
Daily schedule of radiograph quality assurance
- Check processing by coparing raiographs with reference, steps weidge or sensitometry and densitometry
- enter causes of retake in log
- replenish processing solution
- check temp of processing solution
- run large roller transport clean up film through autoprocessor
weekly schedule of radiograph quality assurance
REplace processing solution
Clean processing eq
Clean viewbox
review retake log
Monthly schedule of Radiographic quality assurance
Exame photostimulable phosphor plates for scratches
Check darkroom safelights and for light leaks
Clean intensiy screen
Rotate film stock
Check exposure charts
Inspect leaded aprons and thyroid collars for damges
yearly schedule of radiographic quality insurance
Verify digital sensory with quality assurance apparatus
Calibrate x-ray
