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Dosimetry Physics 2 > Radiation Protection > Flashcards

Radiation Protection Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Dose equivalent

A

The quantity that accounts for the difference in radiation types and how their equivalence in effects is achieved

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2
Q

What is the Dose equivalent equation

A

H=D x Q

H= Dose Equivalent
D= Dose
Q= Quality factor of radiation
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3
Q

Dose in Rad converts to?

A

Rem

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4
Q

Dose in Gy converts to?

A

Sv

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5
Q

What is Xray, Gamma and Beta radiations quality factor?

A

1

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6
Q

What is Neutrons of unknown energy quality factor?

A

10

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7
Q

What is Alpha particle, multiple charged particles or heavy particles quality factor?

A

20

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8
Q

What is high energy protons quality factor?

A

10

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9
Q

What are thermal neutrons?

A

Neutrons in thermal equilibrium

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10
Q

What are fast neutrons?

A

Neutrons produced by fission reactions, before being slowed by nuclear collision

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11
Q

What is the primary biological effects of concern?

A

Cancer Induction

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12
Q

Which are more dangerous Low LET or High LET?

A

High LET particles like alpha particles

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13
Q

What is effective dose equivalent

A

HE, its a factor that gives an equivalent “detriment” to health as measured by excess fatal cancers. Exposure limits by the NRC are given in this term

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14
Q

What is the equation for Effective Dose Equivalent?

A

HE= W(t1) x H1 x W (t2) x H2 x W(t3) x H3

HE is the mean dose equivalent received by Tissue (t) and Wt is a weighing factor based on the relative risk of induction of fatal cancer

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15
Q

What is deep dose equivalent?

A

For whole body exposure is the dose equivalent at a depth of 1cm

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16
Q

What is committed dose equivalent?

A

is a dose equivalent of radioactive intake by the tissue (absorbed, inhaled or ingested) during a 50 year period following intake

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17
Q

What is shallow dose equivalent?

A

dose equivalent at a depth of .007 cm avg over an area of 1cm^2 (External Exposure to Skin)

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18
Q

What is the eye dose equivalent?

A

Dose equivalent at a tissue depth of .3cm (Lens of the eyes)

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19
Q

What are some examples of natural occurring radiation?

A

Cosmic rays, Terrestrial, Radon

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20
Q

What are some examples of man made radiation?

A

Medical, Nuclear power, Fallout

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21
Q

What are cosmic rays?

A

high energy (most protons) from outer space, that interact with the atmosphere and produce a shower of secondary particles such as Electrons, Photons, Neutrons and Muons

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22
Q

Where are cosmic radiation levels higher?

A

In high elevation areas such as denver

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23
Q

What is terrestrial radiation?

A

radiation that comes from the radioactive material in the earth/building materials such as K40 and uranium.

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24
Q

What is internal radiation?

A

radiation that is found in the body, cause off of foods that are ingested and/or natural creation

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25
Q

What is Radon?

A

Radioactive gas that is produced by natural decay of radium in soil/rocks. Can be present in lower regions of residence such as basements.

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26
Q

What type of emitter is radon?

A

Alpha Emitter, meaning its not able to penetrate skin, but when inhaled can cause damage to bronchial endothelium

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27
Q

What is the EPA limits on concentration of radon in a living area?

A

4.0 pCi per liter of air

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28
Q

What is the second leading cause of lung cancer in US?

A

Radon exposure

29
Q

What is the predominant source of man made radiation?

A

Medical Procedures

30
Q

What are some consumer produces that are sources of radiation?

A

Smoked detectors, older TV/computers, airport baggage inspection

31
Q

What is the acute whole bod radiation which is lethal to 50% of those exposed?

A

400 cGy

32
Q

What are some of the results of radiation injury?

A

Cell Death (Apoptosis), Failure to reproduce (death results), Mutation (primary concern in rad protection)

33
Q

What are deterministic effects?

A

effects that increase in severity with increasing dose and require high does

34
Q

What is an acute, early effects of radiation?

A

Erythema

35
Q

What is a late effect of radiation?

A

Cataracts, Fibrosis

36
Q

Deterministic effects are typically associated with what two aspect on a cell level?

A

Cell death and reproductive failure

37
Q

What is stochastic effect?

A

probability of an effect increases with dose, but the severity is independent of dose

38
Q

Stochastic effects are typically associated with what on a cell level?

A

Mutations

39
Q

What is human data on radiation carcinogenesis based off of?

A

Medical irradiation, Atomic Bomb survivors and early occupation exposure

40
Q

What is a latency period?

A

The period of time between irradiation and appearance of malignancy

41
Q

What does the Linear No-Threshold graph represent?

A

Quantify radiation exposure and set regulatory limits, coincides with the idea that there is no safe dose of radiation

42
Q

What is hormesis

A

controversial theory that small amounts of radiation may be beneficial to health

43
Q

What does ALARA stand for?

A

As low as reasonable achievable, not necessarily the lowest dose, but within reason

44
Q

What are the 3 facts that are important in radiation protection?

A

Time, Distance and Shielding

45
Q

In terms of ALARA, what are 3 factors that are taken in consideration?

A

Social, Economical, and Technical

46
Q

What is the NRC exposure limit for occupation dose?

A

5 rem

47
Q

What is the NRC Exposure limit for the general public?

A

.1 rem

48
Q

What is the NRC exposure limit for an embryo-fetus?

A

0.5 rem for entire gestation period

49
Q

What is the NRC exposure limit for embryo-fetus for any one month?

A

0.05 rem

50
Q

What type of storage is used for brachytherapy sources?

A

Lead-lined safes with lead filled drawers

51
Q

What are some requirements for source preparation?

A

Suitable barrier/L-block (Shield the operator), long forceps to handle sources, minimize time handling the source

52
Q

What is required during source transportation for brachytherapy?

A
  1. Proper Lead container

2. Logging of the source departure and arrival to/from the storage room.

53
Q

What does a periodic leak test consist of?

A
  1. radium placed in a test tube with activated carbon or a cotton ball.
  2. after 24 hrs, the carbon is counted in a scintillation-well counter
  3. source is leaking if .0005 microCi is found
54
Q

What are medical events?

A
  1. total dose is greater than +/- 20% of the prescribed dose or falls outside the prescribed dose range for teletherapy/gamma
  2. single fraction exceeds +/- 50% of the prescribed dose
55
Q

Medical events do NOT have to be reported to a supervisor and/or radiation safety officer. True or False?

A

FALSE

56
Q

What are some important things to ensure when patients have pacemakers?

A
  1. No direct radiation
  2. 1cm margin minimum
  3. <2 Gy point dose (monitored with TLD)
  4. Check with vendor on microwaves interference
57
Q

What are the three periods of fetal dose?

A

Pre-implantation, Organogenesis, Fetal

58
Q

What is the pre-implantation period?

A

Radiation has all or nothing effect, aka its lives or dies (spontaneous abortion)

59
Q

What is the organogenesis period?

A

period of rapid cell differentiation and organ development. Can last 10 days to 6 weeks. Radiation may cause abnormalities or neonatal death

60
Q

What is the fetal period?

A

6 weeks to term. Radiation may cause permanent growth retardation and/or cancer

61
Q

How much of fetal dose is a significant risk during the 1st trimester?

A

10-50 rem

62
Q

What fetal dose assumes high risk?

A

> 50 rem

63
Q

Less than 10 cm away, contributes to what type of dose outside the field?

A

Pt Scatter and Collimator Scatter

64
Q

10-20cm away contributes to what type of dose outside the field?

A

Pt Scatter

65
Q

20-30cm away contributes to what type of dose outside the field?

A

Pt Scatter and Leakage

66
Q

Greater than 30 cm away contributes to what type of dose outside the field?

A

Leakage

67
Q

Testicular dose is dependent on what factors?

A

Dose, Energy and Field size

68
Q

How much reduction do clamshells provide in testicular dose?

A

3x-10x reduction

69
Q

What is the composition of a clamshell?

A

1.2cm thick Pb Alloy

Dosimetry Physics 2 (6 decks)

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