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radiology > Radiation Biology > Flashcards

Radiation Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Human cells are divided into two classifications. They are genetic cells and ____ cells.

a. Organic
b. Benign
c. Somatic
d. Reproductive

A

c. Somatic

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2
Q

What is the process of cell division of somatic cells called?

a. Meiosis
b. Mitosis
c. Synthesis
d. Multiplication

A

b. Mitosis

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3
Q

Which of the following stages of cell division is considered to be the most radiosensitive?

a. Prophase
b. Anaphase
c. Telophase
d. Metaphase

A

d. Metaphase

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4
Q

The Direct Hit theory of cell irradiation can be described by which of the following statements.

a. The DNA molecule is struck
b. The cell nucleus is struck
c. The cell cytoplasm is struck
d. The cell is ionized

A

a. The DNA molecule is struck

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5
Q

Which of the following mature cells would be least sensitive to radiation?

a. Muscle cells
b. Nerve cells
c. Red blood cells
d. White blood cells

A

b. Nerve cells

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6
Q

The amount of ionization that occurs when radiation passes through tissue depends on which of the
following?

  1. The type of radiation
  2. The size of the particle
  3. The charge of the particle

a. 1 only
b. 1 & 3 only
c. 2 & 3 only
d. 1, 2, & 3

A

d. 1, 2, & 3

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7
Q

Which of the following is the most sensitive to radiation?

a. Lymphoid tissue
b. Epithelial tissue
c. Connective tissue
d. Muscle tissue

A

a. Lymphoid tissue

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8
Q

Which of the following would describe the shape of a DNA molecule?

a. Elliptical?
b. Hypocycloidal
c. Double helix
d. Circular

A

c. Double helix

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9
Q

Which of the following is a type of damage that can occur to a DNA molecule when exposed to radiation?

  1. Change in the genetic code
  2. Breakage of the chromosome
  3. Breakage of the DNA molecule

a. 1 only
b. 3 only
c. 1 & 3 only
d. 1, 2, & 3

A

d. 1, 2, & 3

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10
Q

Where do the metabolic functions of a cell take place?

a. nucleus
b. chromosomes
c. cytoplasm
d. DNA molecule

A

c. cytoplasm

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11
Q

How many matched pairs of chromosomes does a human somatic cell contain?

a. 6
b. 13
c. 23
d. 46

A

c. 23

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12
Q

What is the name of the stage of cell division that is commonly referred to as the resting stage?

a. Anaphase
b. Interphase
c. Metaphase
d. Telophase

A

b. Interphase

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13
Q

An alteration in the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule will result in which of the following?

a. A mutation
b. A duplication
c. A replication
d. A chromatin

A

a. A mutation

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14
Q

Which of the following are considered the building blocks in the synthesizing of proteins?

a. Genes
b. RNA molecules
c. Chromosomes
d. Amino acids

A

d. Amino acids

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15
Q

Where the majority of RNA molecules would be found in a human cell?

a. Cytoplasm
b. DNA molecule
c. Nucleolus
d. Chromosome

A

c. Nucleolus

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16
Q
  1. The somatic effects of radiation refer to which of the following?
    a. Exposure to the trunk
    b. Exposure to the reproductive organs
    c. Exposure to body tissues
    d. Exposure to the nervous system
A

c. Exposure to body tissues

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17
Q

Which of the following are considered extremely sensitive to radiation?

  1. gonads
  2. Lens of the eye
  3. Blood forming organs

a. 1 only
b. 1 & 3 only
c. 2 & 3 only
d. 1, 2, & 3

A

b. 1 & 3 only

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18
Q

The small segments of the DNA molecule that determine the characteristics of each cell are called what?

a. Genes
b. Centrioles
c. Purines
d. Spindle fibers

A

a. Genes

19
Q

Which of the following is the most common result of cell irradiation?

a. Cell death
b. Sterilization
c. Mutation
d. Uncontrolled growth

A

a. Cell death

20
Q

Which of the following types of blood cells is the most sensitive to radiation?

a. Lymphocytes
b. Granulocytes
c. Thrombocytes
d. Erythrocytes

A

a. Lymphocytes

21
Q

The information that cells require for metabolism is coded in which of the following?

a. Cytoplasm
b. Spindle fibers
c. RNA molecule
d. DNA molecule

A

d. DNA molecule

22
Q

What do the letters DNA stand for?

a. Direct nuclear action
b. Deuteron nucleus activity
c. Deoxyribonucleic acid
d. Deoxyribose neutral

A

c. Deoxyribonucleic acid

23
Q

Which of the following is not a stage of somatic cell division?

a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Nanophase
d. Telophase

A

c. Nanophase

24
Q

How will oxygen retention affect the radio-sensitivity of a cell?

a. Radiosensitivity will increase
b. Radiosensitivity will decrease
c. Radiosensitivity will be eliminated

A

a. Radiosensitivity will increase

25
Q

Which of the following types of tissue will absorb the most radiation?

a. Air sacs
b. Bone
c. Muscle
d. Soft tissue

A

b. Bone

26
Q

Irradiation of which of the following anatomical areas will affect the production of white blood cells

a. Lungs
b. Liver
c. Pancreas
d. Bone marrow.

A

d. Bone marrow.

27
Q

Which of the following describes an atom that has lost one or more of its electrons?

a. Ion
b. Nuclide
c. Isotope
d. Unstable

A

a. Ion

28
Q

Ionization can result from which of the following interactions of radiation with tissue?

  1. Photoelectric absorption
  2. Compton effect
  3. Coherent scatter

a. 1 only
b. 1 & 2 only
c. 2 & 3 only
d. 1, 2, & 3

A

b. 1 & 2 only

29
Q 
Which of the following interactions of radiation with tissue results in the complete absorption of the
photon?
1. Photoelectric absorption
2. Compton effect
3. Coherent scatter
a. 1 only
b. 1 & 2
c. 1 & 3 only
d. 1, 2, & 3
A

a. 1 only

30
Q

A chromosome that has been damaged by radiation may cause which of the following?

  1. Mutation
  2. cell death
  3. sterilization

a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3

A

d. 1, 2, and 3

31
Q

What is the molecule called that has one or more unpaired electrons and is unusually chemically reactive?

a. Ion
b. Mutation
c. Free radical
d. Excited molecule

A

c. Free radical

32
Q

Which of the following is considered the unit of heredity?

a. The cell
b. The gene
c. The chromosome

A

b. The gene

33
Q

During mitosis, each chromosome splits in half. What are the two halves called?

a. Chromatids
b. Fragments
c. Centromeres
d. Spindle fibers

A

a. Chromatids

34
Q

Where will most of a cell’s genetic information are found?

a. Nucleus
b. Nucleolus
c. Cytoplasm
d. Daughter cell

A

a. Nucleus

35
Q

What is the process of cell division of the reproductive cells called?

a. Meiosis
b. Mitosis
c. Synthesis
d. Multiplication

A

a. Meiosis

36
Q

Which of the following is the major function of the process of meiosis?

a. Synthesize physical characteristics
b. Reduce number of chromosomes by half
c. Increase the number of germ cells
d. Synthesize proteins

A

b. Reduce number of chromosomes by half

37
Q

Which of the following refers to the single set of chromosomes in a genetic cell?

a. Diploid number
b. Triploid number
c. Haploid number
d. Semiloid number

A

c. Haploid number

38
Q

What do the letters RBE stand for?

a. Relative biologic effectiveness
b. Radiosensitive biologic effect
c. Radioactive biological energy
d. Radiation bypass effect

A

a. Relative biologic effectiveness

39
Q

The probability of radiation interacting with matter depends on which of the following?

  1. The charge of the radiation
  2. The size of the radiation
  3. The energy of the radiation

a. 1 only
b. 3 only
c. 1 & 3 only
d. 1, 2, & 3

A

d. 1, 2, & 3

40
Q

Which of the following is not a function of a DNA molecule?

a. It carries the genetic code
b. It duplicates exact copies of itself
c. It synthesizes proteins
d. It divides during mitosis

A

c. It synthesizes proteins

41
Q

Which of the following is a measure of the rate of energy loss along the track of an ionizing particle?

a. Scintillation counter
b. Linear energy transfer
c. Linear attenuation coefficient
d. Ionization

A

b. Linear energy transfer

42
Q

What is the most radiosensitive target molecule in the human cell?

A

DNA

43
Q

What is known as the suicide bags in the cell?

A

Lysosomes

radiology (6 decks)

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