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radiology > Effects of Radiation > Flashcards

Effects of Radiation Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following are possible results from the exposure to radiation?

  1. Changes in the DNA molecule
  2. Sterilization of the cell
  3. Death of the cell

a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. 1 & 3 only
d. 1, 2 & 3

A

d. 1, 2 & 3

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2
Q

How can radiation damage to the DNA molecule of a genetic cell affect the future generations of an individual?

a. Mutations may occur
b. Offspring may be radioactive
c. Offspring may be immune to radiation
d. Radiation cannot affect offspring

A

a. Mutations may occur

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3
Q

Whole body radiation, delivered in a period of seconds to minutes, produces a clinical pattern known as what?

a. Mortality irradiation
b. Cumulative exposure
c. Whole body dose
d. Acute radiation syndrome

A

d. Acute radiation syndrome

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4
Q

What does lethal dose 50/30 mean?

a. 30 people out of 50 will die?
b. 50 people will die within 30 minutes
c. 30 rem will kill half of the group
d. 50 % of the group dies within 30 days

A

d. 50 % of the group dies within 30 days

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5
Q

What do the letters GSD stand for?

a. Gonadal safe dose
b. Genetically significant dose
c. Genetic somatic dose
d. General somatic dose

A

b. Genetically significant dose

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6
Q

What does genetically significant dose mean?

a. Dose that will cause damage
b. Dose that will cause genetic damage
c. Dose that will cause a mutation
d. Estimated dose received by the population

A

d. Estimated dose received by the population

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7
Q
  1. Radiation damage depends on which of the following?
  2. Absorbed dose
  3. Type of radiation
  4. Size of area exposed

a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. 3 only
d. 1, 2, & 3

A

d. 1, 2, & 3

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8
Q

How much radiation exposure does it take to have a lethal dose where 50 % of the humans would die within 60 days?

a. 100 to 200 R
b. 200 to 300 R
c. 300 to 400 R
d. 400 to 500 R

A

c. 300 to 400 R

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9
Q

Which of the following would not occur from a significant exposure to radiation?

a. Blood disorders
b. Malignant growths develop
c. Cataract formation
d. Immunity to radiation damage

A

d. Immunity to radiation damage

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10
Q

When radiation exposure causes hematopoietic death, what is the main reason why the person died?

a. Hemorrhage
b. Respiratory distress
c. Immune system is destroyed
d. Heart failure

A

c. Immune system is destroyed

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11
Q

The greatest radiation hazard to a fetus occurs during which of the following time periods?

a. First trimester
b. Second trimester
c. Third trimester
d. Fourth trimester

A

a. First trimester

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12
Q

During radiographic examination, which of the following would produce the greatest skin dose?

a. High kilovoltage technique
b. Low milliamperage technique
c. Long SID
d. Short SID

A

d. Short SID

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13
Q

A reddening of the skin due to radiation damage is called what?

a. Emesis
b. Erythema
c. Euploidy
d. Epidermal destruction

A

b. Erythema

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14
Q

Which of the following are possible long term somatic effects of ionizing radiation?

  1. Life span shortening
  2. Malignant neoplasm
  3. Blood deficiencies

a. 1 & 2 only
b. 1 & 3 only
c. 2 & 3 only
d. 1, 2, & 3

A

d. 1, 2, & 3

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15
Q

If a human is exposed to radiation levels in the 100 to 200 R range, which of the following is expected?

a. No clinical effects
b. Slight reduction in lymphocytes
c. Complete recovery in 90 days
d. Death within 30 days

A

c. Complete recovery in 90 days

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16
Q

Which statement is true concerning the effects of radiation exposure?

a. No effects occur at low rem levels
b. Damage in not passed on to offspring
c. The body can repair most damage
d. Mutations only occur at high exposure

A

c. The body can repair most damage

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17
Q

Radiation exposure has been linked as a cause of which of the following malignant diseases?

  1. Leukemia
  2. Skin cancer
  3. Thyroid cancer

a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. 1 & 2 only
d. 1, 2, & 3

A

d. 1, 2, & 3

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18
Q

A person exhibiting radiation sickness would have which of the following symptoms?

  1. Nausea
  2. Diarrhea
  3. Loss of appetite

a. 1 only
b. 3 only
c. 1 & 2 only
d. 1, 2, & 3

A

d. 1, 2, & 3

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19
Q

Why is radiation exposure to the gonads such a critical concern?

  1. The person may become sterile
  2. Mutations in offspring may result
  3. gonadal cancer may develop
    a. 1 only
    b. 2 only
    c. 2 & 3 only
    d. 1, 2, & 3
A

b. 2 only

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20
Q

What is the amount of radiation necessary to produce a noticeable skin reaction called?

a. Soft dose
b. Low energy dose
c. Erythema dose
d. Isodose

A

c. Erythema dose

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21
Q

Somatic effects of radiation relate to which of the following?

a. The fetus
b. The newborn
c. Future generations
d. The exposed individual

A

d. The exposed individual

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22
Q

Which of the following determines what the final effect from radiation will be?

  1. type of radiation
  2. Type of tissue
  3. Energy of radiation

a. 1 only
b. 3 only
c. 2 & 3
d. 1, 2, & 3

A

d. 1, 2, & 3

23
Q

What is the most radiosensitive area of the eye?

a. Iris
b. Lens
c. Cornea
d. Retina

A

b. Lens

24
Q 
Which of the following individuals should the radiographer be concerned about when using x-rays?
a.	A child
b.	An adult
c.	A radiation worker
All of the above need consideration
A

All of the above need consideration

25
Q

Which of these situations will cause the greatest effect from radiation exposure?

a. Small dose over a long time period
b. Large dose over a short time period
c. Small dose over a short time period
d. Large dose over a long time period

A

b. Large dose over a short time period

26
Q

Which of the following cells would be affected by a relatively small amount of radiation exposure?

a. Muscle
b. Nerve
c. Leukocyte
d. Liver

A

c. Leukocyte

27
Q

Early radiation therapy treatments for acne, tonsillitis etc., has resulted in some cases of what?

a. Death
b. Thyroid cancer
c. Brain damage
d. Pineal calcification

A

b. Thyroid cancer

28
Q

What should be the probable result of any major radiation exposure during the first few days of pregnancy?

a. Prenatal death
b. Postnatal death
c. A child with genetic deficiencies
d. A normal birth and infant

A

a. Prenatal death

29
Q

Which of the following publications recommends limits of exposure to ionizing radiation?

a. NCRP Report # 100
b. NCRP Report # 102
c. NCRP Report # 105
d. NCRP Report # 116

A

d. NCRP Report # 116

30
Q

What is the function of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement?

a. Set standard for using radiation
b. Educate the public about radiation
c. Educate radiation workers
d. Keep records on radiation hazards

A

a. Set standard for using radiation

31
Q

The dose equivalent limits for radiation workers are based on the radiation received from what sources?

a. Background radiation
b. Medical and dental radiography
c. Occupational exposure
d. Radiation fallout

A

c. Occupational exposure

32
Q

Standards state that the exposure in air from fluoroscopic equipment shall not exceed how many Coulomb kg/minute?

a. 5 R
b. 10 R
c. 15 R
d. 20 R

A

b. 10 R

33
Q

The field positioning light and the actual radiation field cannot vary by more than what percentage of the SID?

a. +/- 2%
b. +/- 5%
c. +/- 10%
d. +/- 20 %

A

a. +/- 2%

34
Q

Which of the following signals is needed to indicate that a radiation exposure has been made?

a. Laser light
b. Ultraviolet light
c. High frequency sound wave
d. Audible sound and visible light

A

d. Audible sound and visible light

35
Q

Which of the following devices alerts the radiologist that 5 minutes of fluoroscopy has elapsed?

a. Phototimer
b. Cumulative timer
c. Synchronous timer
d. Mechanical timer

A

b. Cumulative timer

36
Q

When using over 70 kVp, the total filtration in the primary beam must be at least how much?

a. 1.00mm Al
b. 2.0 mm Al
c. 2.5 mm Al
d. 3.5 mm Al

A

c. 2.5 mm Al

37
Q

Personnel monitoring shall be performed if there is a possibility of exceeding how many Sievert rem) per year?

a. 2.5 mSv(.25 rem)
b. 5.0 mSv(.50 rem)
c. 12.5mSv (1.25 rem)
d. 25.) mSv ( 2.50 rem)

A

b. 5.0 mSv(.50 rem)

38
Q

Leakage radiation from the x-ray tube cannot exceed which of the following at a distance of one meter?

a. 25 mR/hr
b. 50 mR/hr
c. 75 mR/hr
d. 100 mR/hr

A

d. 100 mR/hr

39
Q

Which of the following relates to the dose equivalent limits for a non radiation worker?

a. 1/10 that of a radiation worker
b. ½ that of a radiation worker
c. The same as a radiation worker
d. Twice that of a radiation worker

A

a. 1/10 that of a radiation worker

40
Q

The source to skin distance in mobile fluoroscopy must not be less than how many inches?

a. 6
b. 12
c. 24
d. 36

A

b. 12

41
Q

What is the dose equivalent limit a pregnant radiologic technologist may receive during the gestation period?

a. 0.5 rem (5mSv)
b. 1 rem (10 mSv)
c. 5 rem (50 mSv)
d. 10 rem (100 mSv)

A

a. 0.5 rem (5mSv)

42
Q

What is the dose equivalent limit a radiation worker may receive to his/her whole body in one year?

a. 1 rem
b. 5 rem
c. 10 rem
d. 25 rem

A

b. 5 rem

43
Q

A radiation area warning sign must be visible in areas where the exposure rate exceeds which of these?

a. 5mrem/hr
b. 10mrem/hr
c. 15mrem/hr

A

a. 5mrem/hr

44
Q

Who is the person in the hospital that is responsible for governing the use of radiation sources?

a. Administrator
b. Radiologist
c. Chief technologist
d. Radiation safety officer

A

d. Radiation safety officer

45
Q

The source to skin distance for mobile radiography cannot be less than which of the following?

a. 12 inches
b. 24 inches
c. 30 inches
d. 48 inches

A

a. 12 inches

46
Q

When operating portable radiographic equipment, the radiographer must be able to stand how far from the patient?

a. 2 feet
b. 3 feet
c. 6 feet
d. 9 feet

A

c. 6 feet

47
Q

Radiation induced leukemia follows a _________ dose response relationship.

A

Linear nonthreshold

48
Q

Acute radiation syndrome follows a __________ dose response relationship.

A

Nonlinear threshold

49
Q

The curie is defined as __________ disintegration per second of any radioactive substance.

A

3.7 x 10^10

50
Q

Becquerel is defined as __________ decay per second of any radiographic substance.

A

1

51
Q

NRCP Report #102 recommends _______.

A

the thickness of lead devices.

52
Q

Single hit aberrations are produced with __________ dose response relationship.

A

linear nontheshold

53
Q

Multi hit aberrations are produced with a __________ dose response relationship.

A

nonlinear nonthreshold

54
Q

How much rad/Gy produce permanent sterility?

A

500 rad/ 5Gy

radiology (6 decks)

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