Radiation and Energy Balance, Pt.2

Question 1

What is Sensible Heat?

Answer 1

When we measure the temperature of something with a thermometer, we are measuring its sensible heat

Question 2

Sensible heat is a form of __________ energy.

Answer 2

Kinetic

Question 3

Why is sensible heat a form of kinetic energy?

Answer 3

Since the temperature of a system is really a measure of how fast its atoms or molecules are moving/vibrating, on average.

Question 4

True or False: Sensible heat can’t be felt.

Answer 4

False, it can be sensed.

Question 5

Define Sensible Heat Transfer:

Answer 5

When two bodies of different temperatures are in contact with each other, the sensible heat will flow from the hotter body to the colder body, by the process of conduction.

Question 6

Give an example of Sensible heat transfer:

Answer 6

Ex, our skin with the air, if the air around us is warm, sensible heat flowing from the air to our skin, through conduction.

Question 7

In the process of Sensible Heat Transfer, one body will ______ and the other will ______, until they reach ____________ __________.

Answer 7

cool, warm, and thermal equilibrium.

Question 8

_____________: transfers heat vertically (up or down) in turbulent eddies.

Answer 8

Convection

Question 9

_____________: transfers heat horizontally (advective process)

Answer 9

Advection

Question 10

What are the three forms of Latent Heat?

Answer 10

Liquid
Gas
Solid

Question 11

Define Latent Heat:

Answer 11

Latent heat is the energy gained or lost when a substance changes phases. Energy that is added or removed to change the state of the substance, without changing its temperature.

Question 12

True or False: Latent Heat can be sensed.

Answer 12

False, it cannot be sensed.

Question 13

What physical change occurs when latent heat is released or absorbed?

Answer 13

Between ice and water vapour.

Question 14

With latent heat, when heat is released from the water, the environment around it is ________.

Answer 14

warmed

Question 15

With latent heat, When heat is absorbed by the water, the environment around it is _________.

Answer 15

cooled

Question 16

Why does temperature not increase during the phase of melting ice to liquid?

Answer 16

That is because the energy is being used to break the bonds, once they’re broken, then temperature begins to rise, this is latent heat. Latent heat is the process of changing form.

Question 17

What is the latent heat for melting and freezing?

Answer 17

334 joules/gram

Question 18

What is the latent heat for vaporization and condensation?

Answer 18

2260 joules/gram

Question 19

__________ is the process of skipping all phases and moving from gas to solid.

Answer 19

Deposition

Question 20

___________ is the process of skipping all phases and moving from solid to a gas.

Answer 20

Sublimation

Question 21

Quiz or Exam will include a question like this: To test your knowledge of this concept, try to think about what happens when we blow on a bowl of soup. Why might this work to cool it down? What processes are at play here?

Answer 21

more complicated than we think. What is going on at the surface of the liquid, what is floating above the bowl of soup. Where does evaporation, latent heat of evaporation, condensation (if applicable), convection/advection, play a role??

Question 22

Q: If the boiling point of water is 100o C, why do puddles disappear when it is not that hot outside? Why do your bath towels dry when you hang them up? And why does snow/ice disappear when it is well below 0oC?

Answer 22

The temperature of a system is an indication of the average kinetic energy of all molecules in that system. Individual molecules can get enough energy to change the phase (even if the whole system is not at that temperature), by sensible heat transfer from adjacent molecules, or by absorption of radiation. When we measure the temp, it is an average kinetic energy.

Question 23

What are the three processes of heat transfer?

Answer 23

Sensible heat transfer
Latent heat transfer
Radiative heat transfer

Question 24

________________: energy moves by conduction from cold masses to warm masses, and perhaps by convection/advection.

Answer 24

Sensible heat transfer

Question 25

_______________: the water that turned to gas escapes, taking its latent heat of vaporization with it. Wherever the gas later condenses, the latent heat is liberated to cause warming.

Answer 25

Latent heat transfer

Question 26

______________: radiation is emitted to cause cooling, or it is absorbed to cause warming. Incoming solar radiation warms things up, while the earth emits its longwave radiation to cool it.

Answer 26

Radiative heat transfer

Question 27

True or False: Greenhouse gases are important for earth to regulate temperature, a delicate balance.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

True or False: GHGs in the atmosphere are not reflecting longwave

Answer 28

True

Question 29

The presence or absence of clouds may make a __% difference in the amount of energy that reaches the surface

Answer 29

75

Question 30

What two way do clouds impact earth’s radiation budget?

Answer 30

By reflecting and absorbing

Question 31

How do clouds reflect?

Answer 31

Reflect incoming solar radiation from above (high albedo), can reflect shortwave insolation or absorb and reradiate long wave radiation back toward earth.

Question 32

Do clouds have a high or low albedo?

Answer 32

High

Question 33

How do clouds absorb?

Answer 33

Absorb and re-radiate outgoing longwave radiation back towards earth.
-Some longwave energy returns to space and some toward the surface.

Question 34

What types of energy fluxes must we examined when explaining the variation of climate across the earths surface?

Answer 34

Radiative Flux
Non-Radiative Flux

Question 35

What does Flux mean?

Answer 35

Flux = Flow of Energy, transfers of energy

Question 36

What does Net mean?

Answer 36

Net = incoming – outgoing

Question 37

What does it mean if a Net is negative or positive?

Answer 37

Negative = more going out than coming in. Positive = more coming in than going out.

Question 38

What does Annual Mean Insolation and Earth’s Surface consider?

Answer 38

Considers the effect of the atmosphere, including clouds
Note the relatively low values in the equatorial latitudes. Over the year, how much insolation the earth is receiving as a whole.

Question 39

How is Annual Mean Insolation of Earths surface measured?

Answer 39

Watts/m2

Question 40

Why is the Annual mean insolation of earths surface higher in desert areas?

Answer 40

little cloud cover, dry area, no water to work with

Question 41

What is the The average annual planetary albedo?

Answer 41

(the thing that drives outgoing shortwave radiation)

Question 42

Where is annual planetary albedo lower?

Answer 42

Clear skies, oceans, forest, and vegetation.

Question 43

Where is the average annual surface albedo generally higher?

Answer 43

ice, snow, and cloudy areas.

Question 44

________________ : longwave radiation emitted downwards to the surface by the atmosphere and clouds.

Answer 44

Incoming terrestrial radiation

Question 45

_________________: long wave radiation emitted upwards by the surface.

Answer 45

Outgoing terrestrial radiation

Question 46

Where is terrestrial radiation warmer?

Answer 46

It’s always positive in the low latitudes.

Question 47

Where does terrestrial radiation fluctuate?

Answer 47

In the midlatitudes and polar latitudes it’s positive in the summer and negative in the winter. `

Question 48

What does Energy Budget by Latitude mean?

Answer 48

In order to strike a balance, energy needs to flow (or be transferred) from the low latitudes to the high latitudes.

Question 49

How is Net Radiation at Surface calculated?

Answer 49

Net R = (SW ↓+LW ↓) − (SW ↑+LW ↑)

Question 50

What would happen if we didn’t have GHG’s?

Answer 50

Greenhouse gases regulating earth’s temperature, if they weren’t there, we would lose all outgoing terrestrial radiation, with huge temperature swings throughout the day. The earth would be too cold, inhabitable for life.

Question 51

_________________: is the back-and-forth transfer between air and surface in turbulent eddies through convection and conduction where T is the land surface temperature and Tair is the air temperature, way of moving energy.

Answer 51

Sensible Heat Flux (SE)

Question 52

________________: is the energy that is stored in water vapor as water evaporates. Water absorbs large quantities of this latent heat as it changes state to water vapor, thus removing this heat energy from the surface. As we saw, this energy is transported elsewhere and released when the water condenses once again.

Answer 52

Latent Heat Flux (LE)

Question 53

________________: is the energy that flows into or out of the ground or water surface by conduction where T is the surface temperature and Td is the deep soil temperature.

Answer 53

Ground Heat Flux (G)

Question 54

What is the urban heat island?

Answer 54

Urban areas may regularly reach temperatures as much as 6 degrees warmer than surrounding areas (urban heat island).

Question 55

What are some physical characteristics of an Urban Heat Island?

Answer 55

similar to a desert location, High sensible heat (warming the atmosphere), due to little vegetation (Low latent heat), dark surfaces, pollution, transportation (Heat byproducts), etc…