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Physical Geography > Global Temperatures > Flashcards

Global Temperatures Flashcards

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1
Q

What does temperature mean?

A

An average temperature measured of how fast molecules are moving within a given substance.

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2
Q

What is the melting and boiling point of water in Celsius?

A

Ice melting point at 0°C, boiling point of water at sea level at 100°C.

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3
Q

What is the freezing point of water in Kelvin?

A

Absolute zero temperature is the temperature at which atomic and molecular motion in matter completely stops, this is at −273°C.

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4
Q

What does absolute zero mean?

A

Absolute zero temperature is the temperature at which atomic and molecular motion in matter completely stops, this is at −273°C.

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5
Q

What is the melting and boiling point of water in Fahrenheit?

A

Ice melting point at 32°F, boiling point of water at 212oF.

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6
Q

What are the Principal Temperature Controls? (5)

A

Latitude
Altitude/elevation
Cloud cover
Albedo
Land–water heating differences.

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7
Q

What does latitude have to do with temperature?

A

Because it affects the amount of insolation and seasonality. Much more seasonal variation in high latitudes. Much less seasonal variation in low latitudes.

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8
Q

What does altitude have to do with temperature?

A

Altitude can have a profound effect on temperature, why? Because the troposphere, on average, is colder at high altitudes.

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9
Q

Why is it colder high in the atmosphere?

A

Because there are less air molecules, there is less opportunity for heat transfer, less transfer of sensible heat.

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10
Q

Air density ___________ with increasing altitude.

A

decreases

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11
Q

True or False: Thin air has a low ability to absorb and radiate sensible heat.

A

True

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12
Q

True or False: Significant cloud cover makes for:
-Cooler days and warmer nights

A

True

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13
Q

Albedo affects the amount of insolation __________ by the surface, highly reflective surfaces cause the shortwave to reflect to space.

A

absorbed

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14
Q

Why does Land-Water Heating Differences have a profound impact on temperature?

A

Because land surfaces and water surfaces warm up and cool down at different rates.

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15
Q

What does “Land-Water Heating Differences” refer to?

A

Proximity to a large, deep-water body

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16
Q

What are the four dividing factors of Marine vs. Continental surfaces? (4)

A

Evaporation
Transparency
Movement
Specific Heat

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17
Q

How do land (continental) surfaces and water (marine) surfaces differ? (4)

A

-A marine surface is wet; a continental surface is usually much drier.
-A marine surface is transparent; a continental surface is opaque.
-A marine surface has mobility; a continental surface is not mobile.
-Water has a high specific heat, soil/rock has lower specific heat

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18
Q

What is one reason why continental surfaces warm up faster than marine surfaces when they get the same amount of insolation?

A

Water that is heated at the surface does not stay at the surface, because it is able to move to lower depths or other places. Rocks and soil warmed by the sun does not move; the heat is concentrated at or near the surface.

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19
Q

What is one reason why continental surfaces cool down faster than marine surfaces when the insolation is stopped or much lower?

A
  • Water requires more heat to be removed from it to lower its temperature than is the case for soil and rock.
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20
Q

Define Specific Heat:

A

The amount of heat you must add to a kilogram of a substance to raise its temperature by one degree Celsius.
-vice versa with lowering temperature.

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21
Q

True or False: Water has the highest specific heat of any liquid, 4x higher than soil.

A

True

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22
Q

What is another result for water having the highest specific heat of any liquid, 4x higher than soil?

A

Water loses heat 4x faster.

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23
Q

It takes _____ Kj/gram (=1000 calories) to heat water by 1-degree Celsius.

A

4184

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24
Q

True or False: Soil that is wet has a lower heat capacity than dry soil because the water lowers the average heat capacity.

A

False, it has a higher heat capacity than dry soil because the water raises the average heat capacity.

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25
Q

___________ : The differences between marine and continental surfaces and how they deal with energy.

A

Continentality

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26
Q

What happens in terms of continentality in the summer when the insolation is very strong?

A

The temperature of the continental surface will rise faster, and to a higher temperature, than the temperature of a surface in a deep body of water.

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27
Q

What happens in terms of continentality in the winter when the insolation is much lower than in the summer?

A

The temperature of the continental surface will cool down faster, and to a lower temperature than the temperature of the surface of a deep body of water. Specific heat and storage of energy deep in the water.

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28
Q

_____________: describes locations that benefit the moderating influences of the ocean (or large body of water), usually along coastlines or on islands. Places near the great lakes, islands, coastlines, etc.

A

Marine Effect

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29
Q

_______________: refers to areas in continental locations, that are less affected by large bodies of water, and therefore have a greater range between maximum and minimum temperatures on both a daily and yearly basis.

A

Continental Effect

30
Q

What is one example of energy transfer?

A

transfers of energy; sensible heat and latent heat

31
Q

What is a Flux?

A

Flux = Flow of Energy, transfers of energy

32
Q

What does Net mean?

A

Net = incoming – outgoing

33
Q

What does it mean to have a negative Net?

A

Negative = more going out than coming in.

34
Q

What does it mean to have a positive Net?

A

Positive = more coming in than going out.

35
Q

What does Annual Mean Insolation mean?

A

Over the year, how much insolation the earth is receiving as a whole.

36
Q

Where do we find low numbers of Annual Mean Insolation?

A

Low numbers in the more northern high latitude high number in the equatorial and tropical regions,

37
Q

Where do we find high numbers of Annual Mean Insolation? Why?

A

highest in the drier areas (desert, little cloud cover).

38
Q

What is average annual planetary albedo? Where is it low? Why?

A

The thing that drives outgoing shortwave radiation.
-generally low over: Clear skies, oceans, forest, and vegetation.
-Because of the dark surface, the radiation is just absorbed.

39
Q

What is average annual planetary albedo? Where is it high? Why?

A

The thing that drives outgoing shortwave radiation.
-generally high over: ice, snow, and cloudy areas.
-Because the light coloured surfaces have high reflectivity.

40
Q

_______________ : longwave radiation emitted downwards to the surface by the atmosphere and clouds.

A

Incoming terrestrial radiation

41
Q

________________: long wave radiation emitted upwards by the surface.

A

Outgoing terrestrial radiation

42
Q

What does Energy Budget by Latitude mean?

A

Energy needs to flow (or be transferred) from the low latitudes to the high latitudes. Therefore, we have largescale patterns of winds (general circulation) and ocean currents.

43
Q

What is Net Radiation at Surface?

A

At any given point on the surface of the earth.

44
Q

How do we calculate Net Radiation at Surface?

A

Net R = (SW ↓+LW ↓) − (SW ↑+LW ↑)

45
Q

True or False: The warmest time of the day does not correspond with the moment of maximum insolation (solar noon). Explain why.

A

True, because the warmest time of day corresponds with the moment when the maximum amount of solar insolation has been absorbed and re-emitted to the atmosphere.

46
Q

Define Sensible Heat Flux (SE):

A

Sensible Heat Flux is the back-and-forth transfer between air and surface in turbulent eddies through convection and conduction where T is the land surface temperature and Tair is the air temperature, way of moving energy.

47
Q

What is a simple definition for Sensible Heat Flux?

A

Essentially, when the land surface is warmer than the air (not in equilibrium), there is energy transfer into the air (The air is heated by the ground; sensible heat).

48
Q

What is Latent Heat Flux (LE)?

A

Latent heat flux (LE) is the energy that is stored in water vapor as water evaporates.

49
Q

How does the process of Latent Heat work?

A

Water absorbs large quantities of this latent heat as it changes state to water vapor, thus removing this heat energy from the surface.

50
Q

Why is Latent Heat important?

A

important of moving energy from one pool to another, moving heat from the surface to the atmosphere, high levels of latent heat over oceans and wet areas.

51
Q

What is the Ground Heat Flux (G)?

A

Ground heat flux (G) is the energy that flows into or out of the ground or water surface by conduction where T is the surface temperature and Td is the deep soil temperature.

52
Q

Describe Radiation Budgets:

A

Through the process of sensible, latent, and ground heat transfer, the energy from net radiation can do the “work” that ultimately “drives” the global climate system.

53
Q

What is an Isotherm?

A

Isotherm= a line joining equal parts of temperature

54
Q

What is an example of an isotherm?

A

The thermal equator is an isotherm connecting all points of highest mean temperature.

55
Q

What is a Zonal Pattern? Where do we find them in January?

A

Zonal Pattern: Straight parallel lines
-Mostly over the southern hemisphere, there is much less land to affect temperature patterns.

56
Q

What is a Meridional Pattern? Where do we find them in January?

A

Waves that crest with one another.
-More in the northern hemisphere because there is much more land to screw up temperature patterns.

57
Q

What is the Thermal Equator?

A

line joining warmest places, from east-west

58
Q

True or False: Global Temperature is the highest it’s been in at least 125,000 years.

A

True.

59
Q

True or False: Warming is consistent across the globe.

A

False, it is not consistent.

60
Q

What year was the warmest year on record?

A

2015

61
Q

True or False: Alarmism and Sensationalism is a science based issue.

A

False, it is a media issue.

62
Q

Above what degree of latitude is warming supposed to affect the most?

A

Above 50 degree N.

63
Q

Between what years did Canada surpass the benchmark of 1.5 degrees?

A

1948-2016

64
Q

Define a Heat Wave:

A

a prolonged period of abnormally high temperatures.

65
Q

What is the average internal body temperature?

A

36.8 degrees C

66
Q

Define Humidity:

A

the amount water vapor in the air

67
Q

What is a Heat Index?

A

Correlates heat and humidity, higher humidity, higher heat index, and vice versa. Perceived change in temperature.

68
Q

What is a Wind Chill?

A

Correlates cold and wind speed, stronger wind, lower wind chill index, and vice versa.

69
Q

Define Temperature:

A

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules in matter.

70
Q

Define Heat;

A

Heat is a form of energy that flows from one system or object to another due to temperature difference.

Physical Geography (15 decks)

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