Radiation and alcohols

Question 1

absorbed vs effective dose (with units)

Answer 1

absorbed = amount of radiation recieved by person (Gy or Joules/Kg)

effective = amount of energy given to the body (1 Sv = 1J/kg)

Question 2

What is a major source of background radiation from

Answer 2

food and drinks - limit is 50mSv per year

Question 3

What is the timescale of radiation

Answer 3

Radiation changes the body in seconds but a biological response takes years

Question 4

which can be a reversible organ failure and why

Answer 4

haematopoietic syndromes - bc its a low dose with long duration

Question 5

what is the limit mSv for pregant workers

Answer 5

4 mSv

Question 6

what damage occurs during gestational period with radiation (before impantation and organogenesis)

Answer 6

before implantation = none or death of embryo

organogeneiss = congenital anomolies

Question 7

does having radiation earlier in fetal period more dangerous?

Answer 7

yes. earlier fetal peoid has higher risk of intellecual disability

Question 8

what is the target for radiation

Answer 8

DNA - mutations = cancer and more susceptible to radiation

Question 9

what are the different types of linear no threshold models

Answer 9

1. no safe dose of radiation (LNT)
2. low doses are beneficial
3. no effect to exponential
4. low doses worse than high doses

Question 10

why was iodine isotope the worse from chernobyl and what cancer does it cause

Answer 10

iodine gets into milk = thyroid cancer and chernobyl wa 200x more radiation than nagasaki and fukushima

Question 11

what cancer does uranium and radon cause

Answer 11

lung cancer

Question 12

why did radium dial painters get exposure

Answer 12

licking paint brush for fine tip = radium

Question 13

what are the issues following pediatric radiotherpay

Answer 13

secondary malignacies increase chance

Question 14

danger of radon facts

Answer 14

• inert gas that doesnt react w anything
• soil from decaying matter
• emits 4 alpha particles =damages DNA the most

Question 15

what is the pathway to radiation induced cancer

Answer 15

raidiation - DNA damage -mutation - cancer

Question 16

what happens to the DNA in radiation damage

Answer 16

1. base modification
2. single and double strand breaks
3. apoptosis if cell is beyond repair

Question 17

what is ataxia telangiectasia and what gene causes it

Answer 17

ATM gene mutation = high risk of cancer

Question 18

what does methanol cause

Answer 18

blindness and kidney damage

Question 19

what does ethylene glycol cause

Answer 19

kidney stones and oxolate crystals

Question 20

what lab tests are good for investigating alcohol consumption

Answer 20

1. osmolality and osmolar gap
2. toxic alcohol ID (GC-FID)
3. Ethanol enzymatic assay

Question 21

Osmolality calc

Answer 21

2NA + gluose +urea + ethnaol

Question 22

osmolar gap calc

Answer 22

measured - calculated

Question 23

what does the osmolar gap tell us

Answer 23

gap>10 = possible alcohol in the blood

Question 24

anion gap calc

Answer 24

na- (cl+HCO3)

Question 25

is methanol exhaled or urinated more>

Answer 25

20% exhaled
5% urine

Question 26

what is created during the metabolism of methanol and how does is lead to metabolic acidosis?

Answer 26

methanol with alcohol dehydrogenase turns into formaldehyde and later into formate (met acid)

Question 27

is ethylene glycol exhaled or urinated more

Answer 27

20% urine
0% lungs

Question 28

what is the compound resposible for kindey disease in ethylene glycol metabolism

Answer 28

oxalate

Question 29

what vitamin turns glyoxalate into oxalate during ethylene glycol metabolism

Answer 29

folic acid = vitamin b9

Question 30

what do calcium oxalate crystals look like

Answer 30

dumbells

Question 31

does methanol or ethylene glycol have a higher affinity for ADH

Answer 31

methanol

Question 32

what converts formate to CO2 in methanol metabolism

Answer 32

folic acid = vitamin b9

Question 33

what treatment is used for methanol and ethylene glycol overdose and why?

Answer 33

ethanol - highest affinity for ADH = competes with methanol and ethylene glycol

hemodialysis

fomepizole - same mechanism as ethanol

Question 34

during the intial diagnostic testing, what tests are performed for toxic consumption

Answer 34

Na, urea, glucose, osm, ethnaol

calculate osm gap BEFORE ORDERING ethylene glycol and methanol levels

Question 35

what is the mobile and stationary phase of headspace GC-FID

Answer 35

mobile - gas
stationary - liquid

Question 36

what are the limits for unaccounted osm gap for methanol and ethylene glycol

Answer 36

methanol <5mmol/kg

ethylene glycol <2 mmol/kg

Question 37

is hemodialyiss and ethanol treatment first or zero order kinetics

Answer 37

first order hemodialysis - exponential removal of alcohol

zero order ethanol- would be when body removes alcohol at steady rate

Question 38

what is the equation for methanol hemodialysis

Answer 38

t=(ln Cm1 - 1.792)/0.266

Cm1 = initial concentration of methanol

Question 39

T/F ethanol is affected when hemodalyisis of methanol

Answer 39

F - ethanol is NOT affected

Question 40

what is another name for fomipazole

Answer 40

antizol

Question 41

how does fomepizole eliminate methnaol and ethylene glycol

Answer 41

97% hepatic metaboilsm
3% urine

Question 42

what lab tests results suspect ingestion of alchols

Answer 42

pH<7.3
osm gap >10
CO2<20
oxalate crystals in urine