Radiation and alcohols Flashcards
absorbed vs effective dose (with units)
absorbed = amount of radiation recieved by person (Gy or Joules/Kg)
effective = amount of energy given to the body (1 Sv = 1J/kg)
What is a major source of background radiation from
food and drinks - limit is 50mSv per year
What is the timescale of radiation
Radiation changes the body in seconds but a biological response takes years
which can be a reversible organ failure and why
haematopoietic syndromes - bc its a low dose with long duration
what is the limit mSv for pregant workers
4 mSv
what damage occurs during gestational period with radiation (before impantation and organogenesis)
before implantation = none or death of embryo
organogeneiss = congenital anomolies
does having radiation earlier in fetal period more dangerous?
yes. earlier fetal peoid has higher risk of intellecual disability
what is the target for radiation
DNA - mutations = cancer and more susceptible to radiation
what are the different types of linear no threshold models
- no safe dose of radiation (LNT)
- low doses are beneficial
- no effect to exponential
- low doses worse than high doses
why was iodine isotope the worse from chernobyl and what cancer does it cause
iodine gets into milk = thyroid cancer and chernobyl wa 200x more radiation than nagasaki and fukushima
what cancer does uranium and radon cause
lung cancer
why did radium dial painters get exposure
licking paint brush for fine tip = radium
what are the issues following pediatric radiotherpay
secondary malignacies increase chance
danger of radon facts
- inert gas that doesnt react w anything
- soil from decaying matter
- emits 4 alpha particles =damages DNA the most
what is the pathway to radiation induced cancer
raidiation - DNA damage -mutation - cancer
what happens to the DNA in radiation damage
- base modification
- single and double strand breaks
- apoptosis if cell is beyond repair
what is ataxia telangiectasia and what gene causes it
ATM gene mutation = high risk of cancer
what does methanol cause
blindness and kidney damage
what does ethylene glycol cause
kidney stones and oxolate crystals
what lab tests are good for investigating alcohol consumption
- osmolality and osmolar gap
- toxic alcohol ID (GC-FID)
- Ethanol enzymatic assay
Osmolality calc
2NA + gluose +urea + ethnaol
osmolar gap calc
measured - calculated
what does the osmolar gap tell us
gap>10 = possible alcohol in the blood
anion gap calc
na- (cl+HCO3)
is methanol exhaled or urinated more>
20% exhaled
5% urine
what is created during the metabolism of methanol and how does is lead to metabolic acidosis?
methanol with alcohol dehydrogenase turns into formaldehyde and later into formate (met acid)
is ethylene glycol exhaled or urinated more
20% urine
0% lungs
what is the compound resposible for kindey disease in ethylene glycol metabolism
oxalate
what vitamin turns glyoxalate into oxalate during ethylene glycol metabolism
folic acid = vitamin b9
what do calcium oxalate crystals look like
dumbells
does methanol or ethylene glycol have a higher affinity for ADH
methanol
what converts formate to CO2 in methanol metabolism
folic acid = vitamin b9
what treatment is used for methanol and ethylene glycol overdose and why?
ethanol - highest affinity for ADH = competes with methanol and ethylene glycol
hemodialysis
fomepizole - same mechanism as ethanol
during the intial diagnostic testing, what tests are performed for toxic consumption
Na, urea, glucose, osm, ethnaol
calculate osm gap BEFORE ORDERING ethylene glycol and methanol levels
what is the mobile and stationary phase of headspace GC-FID
mobile - gas
stationary - liquid
what are the limits for unaccounted osm gap for methanol and ethylene glycol
methanol <5mmol/kg
ethylene glycol <2 mmol/kg
is hemodialyiss and ethanol treatment first or zero order kinetics
first order hemodialysis - exponential removal of alcohol
zero order ethanol- would be when body removes alcohol at steady rate
what is the equation for methanol hemodialysis
t=(ln Cm1 - 1.792)/0.266
Cm1 = initial concentration of methanol
T/F ethanol is affected when hemodalyisis of methanol
F - ethanol is NOT affected
what is another name for fomipazole
antizol
how does fomepizole eliminate methnaol and ethylene glycol
97% hepatic metaboilsm
3% urine
what lab tests results suspect ingestion of alchols
pH<7.3
osm gap >10
CO2<20
oxalate crystals in urine
