Radiation and alcohols Flashcards

1
Q

absorbed vs effective dose (with units)

A

absorbed = amount of radiation recieved by person (Gy or Joules/Kg)

effective = amount of energy given to the body (1 Sv = 1J/kg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a major source of background radiation from

A

food and drinks - limit is 50mSv per year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the timescale of radiation

A

Radiation changes the body in seconds but a biological response takes years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

which can be a reversible organ failure and why

A

haematopoietic syndromes - bc its a low dose with long duration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the limit mSv for pregant workers

A

4 mSv

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what damage occurs during gestational period with radiation (before impantation and organogenesis)

A

before implantation = none or death of embryo

organogeneiss = congenital anomolies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

does having radiation earlier in fetal period more dangerous?

A

yes. earlier fetal peoid has higher risk of intellecual disability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the target for radiation

A

DNA - mutations = cancer and more susceptible to radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the different types of linear no threshold models

A
  1. no safe dose of radiation (LNT)
  2. low doses are beneficial
  3. no effect to exponential
  4. low doses worse than high doses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

why was iodine isotope the worse from chernobyl and what cancer does it cause

A

iodine gets into milk = thyroid cancer and chernobyl wa 200x more radiation than nagasaki and fukushima

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what cancer does uranium and radon cause

A

lung cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

why did radium dial painters get exposure

A

licking paint brush for fine tip = radium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the issues following pediatric radiotherpay

A

secondary malignacies increase chance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

danger of radon facts

A
  • inert gas that doesnt react w anything
  • soil from decaying matter
  • emits 4 alpha particles =damages DNA the most
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the pathway to radiation induced cancer

A

raidiation - DNA damage -mutation - cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what happens to the DNA in radiation damage

A
  1. base modification
  2. single and double strand breaks
  3. apoptosis if cell is beyond repair
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is ataxia telangiectasia and what gene causes it

A

ATM gene mutation = high risk of cancer

18
Q

what does methanol cause

A

blindness and kidney damage

19
Q

what does ethylene glycol cause

A

kidney stones and oxolate crystals

20
Q

what lab tests are good for investigating alcohol consumption

A
  1. osmolality and osmolar gap
  2. toxic alcohol ID (GC-FID)
  3. Ethanol enzymatic assay
21
Q

Osmolality calc

A

2NA + gluose +urea + ethnaol

22
Q

osmolar gap calc

A

measured - calculated

23
Q

what does the osmolar gap tell us

A

gap>10 = possible alcohol in the blood

24
Q

anion gap calc

A

na- (cl+HCO3)

25
is methanol exhaled or urinated more>
20% exhaled 5% urine
26
what is created during the metabolism of methanol and how does is lead to metabolic acidosis?
methanol with alcohol dehydrogenase turns into formaldehyde and later into formate (met acid)
27
is ethylene glycol exhaled or urinated more
20% urine 0% lungs
28
what is the compound resposible for kindey disease in ethylene glycol metabolism
oxalate
29
what vitamin turns glyoxalate into oxalate during ethylene glycol metabolism
folic acid = vitamin b9
30
what do calcium oxalate crystals look like
dumbells
31
does methanol or ethylene glycol have a higher affinity for ADH
methanol
32
what converts formate to CO2 in methanol metabolism
folic acid = vitamin b9
33
what treatment is used for methanol and ethylene glycol overdose and why?
ethanol - highest affinity for ADH = competes with methanol and ethylene glycol hemodialysis fomepizole - same mechanism as ethanol
34
during the intial diagnostic testing, what tests are performed for toxic consumption
Na, urea, glucose, osm, ethnaol calculate osm gap BEFORE ORDERING ethylene glycol and methanol levels
35
what is the mobile and stationary phase of headspace GC-FID
mobile - gas stationary - liquid
36
what are the limits for unaccounted osm gap for methanol and ethylene glycol
methanol <5mmol/kg ethylene glycol <2 mmol/kg
37
is hemodialyiss and ethanol treatment first or zero order kinetics
first order hemodialysis - exponential removal of alcohol zero order ethanol- would be when body removes alcohol at steady rate
38
what is the equation for methanol hemodialysis
t=(ln Cm1 - 1.792)/0.266 Cm1 = initial concentration of methanol
39
T/F ethanol is affected when hemodalyisis of methanol
F - ethanol is NOT affected
40
what is another name for fomipazole
antizol
41
how does fomepizole eliminate methnaol and ethylene glycol
97% hepatic metaboilsm 3% urine
42
what lab tests results suspect ingestion of alchols
pH<7.3 osm gap >10 CO2<20 oxalate crystals in urine