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Radiation Flashcards

1
Q

RBE (relative biologic effectiveness) is the different LETS to produce biological affects at what KVP

A

250KvP

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2
Q

What is low LET

A

(Low energy transfer) is 2/3 radiation damage caused by free radicals of electromagnetic radiation ** indirect effect and Direct effect

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3
Q

What is high LET

A

Alpha particles, heavy nuclei and they travel short lengths because they lose their energy quickly!

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4
Q

Direct affect is biologic damage with the incident radiation that breaks the DNA

A

Directly and it can be either low let or high let

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5
Q

What is indirect effect

A

Free radicals created by interaction of radiation and water!!

That’s normally occurs only with low let a.k.a. gamma rays and x-rays (ionizing radiation)

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6
Q

Double strand DNA on the same rung will cause

A

Mutation DNA - a loss or change of base DNA chain

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7
Q

Random hits of radiation or random events by incident radiation is also known as

A

Target Theory

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8
Q

Programmed cell death formally known as interphase death most sensitive lymphocytes in spermatic

A

Aptosis

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9
Q

Mitotic death results in less dose than

A

Aptosis

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10
Q

X-rays and gamma rays referred to as a stream of particles is also known as

A

Wave particle duality

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11
Q

ARS – a cute radiation syndrome

Three syndromes associated are

A

Hematopoeitic - bone marrow 1-10gy
GI - 6-10Gy
Cerebrovaxcular - above 50 gy

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12
Q

10 to 20 KVP historically used to treat ringworm is known as

A

Grenz rays

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13
Q

Lethal dose of the population 50/30 but what which is more accurate for human race?

A

50/60

50% of the population and 60 days

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14
Q

90% of radiation damage can be repaired over time but

A

10% is irreparable

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15
Q

Relative risk versus absolute Risk

A

Relative risk predict the number of cancers that arise from natural incidence of cancer with the age of population

Absolute risk is a specific number of malignancies that will result of radiation exposure

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16
Q

Congenital abnormalities are most likely to occur at how many weeks

A

10 days to 12 weeks (2-12weeks)

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17
Q

What was the outcome of the Chernobyl power plant accident

A

Thyroid cancer in children

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18
Q

Hiroshima atomic bomb survivors from Japan and Nagasaki indicated what

A

Leukemia but not enough research for a late affect

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19
Q

The watch dial painters used radium therefore have higher risk of

A

Radiation Cataractogenesis

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20
Q

For the AP lumbar spine what can be done to Eliminate OID from the spine to the IR

A

Flex the knees

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21
Q

Taking the lumbar spine prone PA reduces the ovarian dose by

A

25 to 30% but resolution will be lower

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22
Q

The level of the iliac crest is at the level of

Level of the ASIS is that the level of

A

L4-L5

S1-s2

23
Q

Cine mode and fluoroscopy requires 15 times more radiation and 15 —

A

Frames per second

24
Q

1 Rem= ____ sieverts

A

.01 Sieverts

25
Q

During cell phases the Most radiosensitive phase is

A

Metaphase

26
Q

And cell division the resting phase is

A

Interphase

27
Q

Reproductive cell division is

A

Meiosis

28
Q

three actions are required for invasive procedure:
Pre-procedure verification
site marking
time out

A

Universal protocol

29
Q

Sthenic patients take up____% of population

hyposthenic patients ____%

A

50%

35%

30
Q

Skin erythema
cataracts
Epilation

A

2 Gy
1-2 Gy
7 gy

31
Q

To reduce motion blur pole switches should be no greater than
________ for infant/children
______ adults

A

4-5 milliseconds

8 milliseconds

32
Q

Somatic affects are bodily effects that can be either:

A

stochastic or nonstochastic/deterministic

33
Q

Random in nature, no threshold, genetic affects, cancer

Define which type of somatic affect

A

Stochastic

34
Q

Threshold, skin burns, hair epilation are examples of which somatic effects

A

Deterministic

35
Q

The inverse square law indicates that increasing the distance by half will Reduce exposure by

A

4

36
Q

Proper Filtration reduces patient does by

A

90%

37
Q

Intermittent flouro reduces patient dose by

A

90%

38
Q

Skin erythema can occur in fluoroscopy after what length of time

A

10minutes 12 seconds

39
Q

Minimum lead apron requirement for fluoroscopy

A

.25 mm lead

40
Q

The requirement for lead glasses

A

.35 mm lead

41
Q

The protective curtain on a fluoroscopy machine must be

A

.25mm lead thickness

42
Q

The ability to detect fine detail

A

Visual acuity

43
Q

Stationary flouro and mobile C-arm flouro SSD requirements

A

Stationary -38cm (15 inches)

Mobile -30cm (12inches)

44
Q

Once the electrons hit the target on the anode side what happens

A

Rapid deceleration which creates x-ray photons

45
Q

The cathode is the negative side that contains the tungsten filament And the

A

Focusing cup

46
Q

Occupational exposure requirements
Annual
Eyes
Skin hands feet

A 
Annual 50mSv (5rem) 
Eyes 150mSv (15rem)
Skin hands feet 500 mSv (50rem)
47
Q

Negligible individual dose is

A

NID= .01mSv

48
Q

The public effective dose or frequent exposure and unfrequent exposure

A

Frequent 1 mSv

Infrequent 5mSv

49
Q

An embryo total exposure must not exceed

A

5 mSv

Monthly .5mSv

50
Q

BUN numbers should stay between

A

7-21 (anything above is abnormal)

51
Q

Creatinine levels should be between

A

.7-1.5 (anything above can’t filter properly)

52
Q

GFR should stay between

A

90 to 120

Under 90 is problematic

53
Q

The exposure reproductibility is three exposures at the same result and should stay within

A

5%!

54
Q

Exposure linearity uses the same KVP and same mass but with different MA stations and should be within

A

10%

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