radiation

Question 1

describe an atom

Answer 1

nucleus at the centre of the atom , made if two particles called protons and neutrons

electrons orbit the nucleas

Question 2

what is alpha radiation

Answer 2

it is a helium nucleus ( 2 protons + 2 neutrons)

Question 3

what is beta radiation

Answer 3

it is a fast moving electron from the nucleus

Question 4

what is gamma radiation

Answer 4

a high energy/ frequency wave and part of the electromagnetic spectrum

Question 5

what is meant by ionisation

Answer 5

when an atom loses or gains an electron to become charged

Question 6

what radiation is the most ionisation

Answer 6

alpha particles

Question 7

what radiation causes the least ionisation

Answer 7

gamma rays

Question 8

what is meant by shielding

Answer 8

having something that will absorb radiation between you and the radiation source

Question 9

ways to reduce your exposure

Answer 9

• limit time with source
• do not directly handle source
• wash hands
• wear gloves apron and googles

Question 10

what is meant by background radiation

Answer 10

radiation that is all around us

Question 11

state the value of annual background radiation does in the uk

Answer 11

2.2mSv

Question 12

background radiation sources

Answer 12

rocks
food
body
stars

Question 13

man made sources of radiation

Answer 13

weapons testing
nuclear waste
medical uses

Question 14

what is meant by absorbed dose

Answer 14

the energy absorbed per unit mass

Question 15

unit for absorbed dose

Answer 15

grays

Question 16

explain equivalent dose

Answer 16

measures biological harm of exposure to a radiation

Question 17

explain equivalent dose rate

Answer 17

equivalent does absorbed per unit time

Question 18

star the effect of ionisation on living cells

Answer 18

kill them

Question 19

one method to monitor exposure to radiation

Answer 19

film badges

Question 20

applications of nuclear radiation

Answer 20

cancer treatment
thickness control
radio carbon dating
tracers
checking welds

Question 21

describe radiation used in cancer

Answer 21

gamma rays damage / kill cells . gamma rays concentrate on the cells that need to be killed

Question 22

explain activity

Answer 22

number of nuclear decays per second

Question 23

what is meant by half life’s

Answer 23

length of time it takes the activity of a source to drop to half of its original value

Question 24

what is meant by fission

Answer 24

when a nucleas of a large mass number splits into two nuclei of smaller mass number

Question 25

what is meant by fusion

Answer 25

when two nuclei of smaller mass number combine to form a nucleas of a larger mass number

Question 26

what happens at each fission reaction

Answer 26

heat energy is produced
fission fragments are produced
more neutrons are produced

Question 27

describe chain reactions

Answer 27

when neutrons produced in a fission reaction , go on to cause their own reactions

Question 28

how do nuclear reactions use fission to make heat energy

Answer 28

they use fission of uranium

Question 29

advantages of fission nuclear power stations

Answer 29

no greenhouse gases
huge energy for little fuel
reliable
no fossil fuels needed
small amount of waste

Question 30

disadvantages of fission nuclear power stations

Answer 30

waste is radioactive and has to be stored safely
uranium is non renewable
risk of radioactive leak
expensive to decommission

Question 31

problems with fusion reactor

Answer 31

high temperatures
high pressures

Question 32

advantages of fusion nuclear power station

Answer 32

releases massive amounts of energy
sustainability
no co2
no long lived radioactive waste
no meltdown risk