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DANB Radiology > Radiation > Flashcards

Radiation Flashcards

1
Q

Interaction of Radiation with Cellular organelles happens in a fraction of a ______________

A

second

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2
Q

Stochastic Effects

A

Events happen by chance

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3
Q

Deterministic Effects

A

Events sure to happen

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4
Q

Stochastic Effects probability

A

(cancer and Genetic mutation) Probability of cancer/genetic mutation increases with increasing dose, but the severity does not depend on the amount of dose.

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5
Q

Deterministic Effects

A

A Somatic effect that increases in severity with increasing absorbed doses

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6
Q

Deterministic Effects are shown as

A

cataract, skin erythema, fibrosis, and abnormal growth. ( not from diagnosis radiology. (higher the temp, worse is the burn. Longer the contact, worse is the burn)

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7
Q

If radiation damage to the DNA is severe enough the chromosomes can be _____________

A

Altered

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8
Q

If enough cells undergo similar changes tissues organs can be _______________

A

damaged

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9
Q

Types of Damage depends on stage of ______ ______

A

Cell Cycle

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10
Q

Different kinds of ___________ can happen from radiation damage

A

mutation

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11
Q

Mis-repaired chromosomes can lead to _____________ or slow __________ _________

A

lead to cell death or slow cell division

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12
Q

Rapid Proliferation of cells may cause ____________ _________

A

Malignant Development

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13
Q

Ionizing Radiations also affect cell division resulting in _______________

A

arrested mitosis and retardation of growth

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14
Q

As a cell repairs itself, higher total dose of radiation is needed for cell killing when radiation is delivered in fractionated manner than a single large dose

A

Cell Recovery

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15
Q

Radiation is a two edged sword:

A

Causes cancer, kills cancer

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16
Q

Rapidly dividing cells are more sensitive to radiation than

A

Differentiated slowly dividing cells

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17
Q

Stem cells are radiosensitive and mature cells are

A

radio-resistant

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18
Q

Tissues with high metabolic rate are

A

radiosensitive

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19
Q

A high proliferation rate for cells and high growth rate for tissues result in

A

increased radio sensitivity

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20
Q

Somatic Effects include responses of all types of cells except ______

A

germ cells of the reproductive system

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21
Q

Genetic effects include responses of irritated

A

reproductive cells

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22
Q

Genetic Effects are harmful when they are passed onto the

A

future generations

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23
Q

Genetic Effects are no consequence in persons who will not have

A

a baby

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24
Q

The time between radiation exposure and visible changes is __________ Period

A

Latent

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25
Q

Latent period can have a timeline of _________ or ________ latent period

A

Short or Long

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26
Q

Short term Effects of Latent Period

A

Minutes, Days, or Weeks

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27
Q

Long Term Effects of Latent Period

A

Years or Generation

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28
Q

After Latent Period, shoe changes are observed as

A

Temporary or Permanent

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29
Q

Recovery Period happens when

A

Recovery can happen after short term effects, cells can repair

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30
Q

May not be immediate clinically observable effects

A

Somatic Effects

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31
Q

There may be a time lapse before any effects are seen

A

Somatic Effects

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32
Q

Acute somatic Effects appear

A

Rather soon after exposure to a single massive does of radiation or after several smaller doses of radiation delivered within a relatively short period of time

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33
Q

Effects which appear within 60 days of exposure to radiation are classified as _________ ___________

A

Acute Effects

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34
Q

Delayed Somatic Effects may occur

A

anywhere from two months to as late as 20 years or more after exposure to radiation

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35
Q

The term latent period is usually used only in

A

relation to stochastic effects (malignancy)

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36
Q

Most Sensitive Variables in Somatic Effects

A

Lymphocytes, blood forming cells (bone Marrow), Germ Cells

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37
Q

Moderately Sensitive Somatic Effects

A

Skin Cells, gastrointestinal cells, oral mucosa, lens of the eye

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38
Q

Lease Sensitive Variables in Somatic Effects

A

Mature Bone Cartilage, Neurons, muscles

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39
Q

Total Dose:

A

The higher the does of radiation, the greater the severity and probability of occurrence of biological effects.

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40
Q

Dose Rate Dependence:

A

Radiation dose that would be lethal if given in a short time, such as a few hours, may result in no detectable effects if given in a small increments during a period of several years.

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41
Q

Dose Rate Dependence is due to the ability of

A

Somatic cells to repair damage caused by exposure to radiation

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42
Q

Tissues do not return to their original state following

A

Radiation damage, as there are some irreparable alterations produced

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43
Q

Threshold Response:

A

An increase in radiation dose (curve) may not produce an observable effect until the tissue has received a minimal level of exposure called the threshold dose.

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44
Q

Once the threshold dose has been exceeded,

A

Increasing dose will demonstrate exceeding observable tissue damage

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45
Q

A well known threshold response is

A

cataract and erythema of skin

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46
Q

Linear Response

A

all exposure carries a certain probability of harm and that the effects of multiple small doses are additive.

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47
Q

Linear Dose Response says there is no safe _________

A

Dose

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48
Q

Linear Dose Response says every exposure carries some

A

Risk

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49
Q

Absorbed Dose

A

Measure of how much energy radiation deposits in a unit of material

50
Q

Exposure is

A

Measure of number of X-rays or gamma rays and the energy transferred from the beam to the molecules of air, causing ionization of air (describes the amount of radiation traveling through the air)

51
Q

Air Kerma measures

A

the kinetic energy transferred from photons to electrons of absorber

52
Q

Equivalent Dose

A

is used to compare the biologic effects of different types of radiation on a tissue or organ.

53
Q

Equivalent Does depends on

A

Linear Energy Transfer

54
Q

Effective Dose is used to

A

estimate the risk of radiation in human. Not all tissues respond identically to radiation (gun shot theory)

55
Q

Helps us understand the biological risk from radiation

A

Effective Dose

56
Q

Effective Dose Unit

A

Sievert

57
Q

In dentistry we use microsievert

A

A millionth of a sievert

58
Q

Radioactivity

A

Unit is Curie (ci)

59
Q

Personal monitoring devices

A

stimulated with LED, intensity of visible light provides the does received by the operator, aluminum oxide crystals

60
Q

Adult teeth are very resistant to the direct effect of ___________ ____________

A

Radiation Exposure

61
Q

True or False: there is no effect on the crystalline structure of enamel, dentin, and cementum

A

True

62
Q

Radiation Caries are caused by

A

individuals whose salivary glands have been damaged resulting in xerostomia. (secondary to changes in saliva)

63
Q

Xerostomia is the progressive loss of

A

salivary secretion

64
Q

Radiation effects on oral tissues: Mucosa

A

Mucositis starts at 3rd or 4th week, becomes red and inflamed.

65
Q

Mucositis is most severe at the ________ of treatment period

A

end

66
Q

The most important effect of ionization radiation on human mortality is judged to be

A

Neoplasia and leukemia

67
Q

The probability of carcinogenic effect increases with

A

dose

68
Q

Primary Protective Barrier is

A

a barrier of radiation-absorbing material used to reduce radiation exposure to primary or usable beam of radiation

69
Q

Secondary Protective Barrier

A

A barrier of radiation-absorbing material used to reduce radiation to scatter and leakage radiation

70
Q

Inverse Square Law

A

Intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source

71
Q

If operator is within the room and has no barrier then you should stand

A

90 to 135 degrees to the central ray, 45 degrees from the exit beam

72
Q

Dose Limits are recommended by the

A

international commission on radiological protection

73
Q

Limits are to ensure people are not exposed to unnecessary

A

high dose of radiation

74
Q

Average dose to dental operators

A

0.2msv

75
Q

maximum permissible occupational dose

A

20 msv

76
Q

Maximum permissible occupational dose for a declared pregnant worker

A

5mvs

77
Q

There is no limit for

A

diagnostic dose

78
Q

Parallel Principle

A

Vertical axes of oil and objects are parallel and CR is directed at right angle to both.

79
Q

Angle- Bisector Principle

A

Vertical axes of film and object form an angle and CR is directed at right angle to the bisector of angle between object and film

80
Q

Angle Bisector Principle proper application:

A

Length of image and object equal, distortion present.

81
Q

Improper application of angle bisector principle:

A

Vertical angulation too great and source moves up (image foreshortening
Image shift occlusally or incisally ( opposite to source)

82
Q

Improper application of Angle Bisector Principle:

A

Vertical angle too small source moves down creating image elongation

83
Q

Long cone is mandatory for parallel principle due to increased _ _ _

A

Object Film Distance

84
Q

Sharpness depends on

A

Size of Source, OFD, SFD, SOD, Movement

85
Q

Definition:

A

size of source and definition are inversely related (bigger the source, less is the definition)

86
Q

Size of source and unsharpness are directly related (Bigger the source, more is the sharpness)

A
87
Q

Penumbra is the

A

almost shadow, around the periphery of a dark shadows a light shadow is present.

88
Q

Size of source and definition are inversely

A

related

89
Q

All factors that increase magnification will decrease

A

Definition

90
Q

meant of source of radiation

A

Geometric unsharpness

91
Q

movement my patient and or fil

A

motion unsharpness

92
Q

VA too great causes images to

A

shift down

93
Q

decreasing + VA causes images to

A

shift up

94
Q

Increasing - VA causes images to

A

Shift Up

95
Q

Decreasing -VA causes images to

A

Shift Down

96
Q

VA for all maxillary periapical, bitewing and occlusal radiographs is always

A

positive

97
Q

parallel Principle: Changes in VA causes occlusal/incisal or apical image

A

shift

98
Q

Angle-Bisector Principle: Changes in VA cause image

A

shift as well as elongation/forshortening

99
Q

VA for nearly all mandibular PA is

A

Negative

100
Q

The only exception is mandibular molar area where the VA may be

A

slightly positive +5 or 0

101
Q

Increasing Horizontal Angle causes images to shift

A

anteriorly as well as overlapping

102
Q

Decreasing horizontal angle causes images to shift

A

posteriorly as well as overlapping

103
Q

SLOB RULE

A

SAME LINGUAL, OPPOSITE BUCCAL

104
Q

scatter Radiation increases

A

Noise

105
Q

Rectangular collimation reduces

A

scatter

106
Q

Image Enhancement

A

Radiographic image is manipulated so that an observer can extract useful diagnostic information from

107
Q

Image Restoration techniques aim at processing

A

corrupted images so that some diagnostic information can be retrieved

108
Q

image Analysis

A

a technique to automatically retrieved diagnostic information from a radiographic image

109
Q

Hypodontia

A

Few Missing teeth

110
Q

Oligodontia

A

more than half the number missing

111
Q

Adondontia

A

all teeth missing

112
Q

Macrodonia

A

larger than normal

113
Q

Microdontia

A

Smaller than average

114
Q

Impacted Teeth

A

Teeth that can not erupt

115
Q

Gemination

A

single tooth germ attempts to divide into two

116
Q

Concrescence

A

union of two teeth after the are completely formed joined with cementum

117
Q

Taurodontia

A

Molar pulp chamber bifurcates too far into the root, large pulp chamber and short root canals.

118
Q

Dilaceration

A

Unusual angulation of roots

119
Q

Dense in Dente (Dense invaginatus)

A

invagination of a layer of enamel and dentin into pulp (root of tooth widens)

120
Q

Amelogenesis Imperfecta

A

Enamel is thin or absent

121
Q

Dentinogenesis Imperfecta

A

Color of teeth brownish-blue, or opalescent crown, both dentitions affected, enamel may chip away. Teeth may wear down to alveolar process.

122
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

A

extreme probity and fragility of bones. Many fractures, deformity due to fractures, often teeth identical to dentiogenesis imperfect.

DANB Radiology (4 decks)

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