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Radiation production > Radbiology > Flashcards

Radbiology Flashcards

1
Q

The law of _____ states that the radiosensitivity of living tissue is a function of the metabolism and maturation of that tissue.

A

Bergonie and Tribondeau

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2
Q

Tissues that are _____ with a _____ metabolic rate are more radiosensitive.

A

immature, high

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3
Q

_____ is a measure of the rate that energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to soft tissue.

A

LET

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4
Q

As LET _____, the RBE _____.

A

increases, increases

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5
Q

A protracted dose of radiation is given _____.

A

over a long period of time

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6
Q

A dose of 10 Gy given to a patient in 5 doses of 2 Gy per day is a _____ dose.

A

fractionated

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7
Q

The LET of diagnostic x-rays is _____ keV/m.

A

3.0

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8
Q

The RBE of diagnostic x-rays is equal to _____.

A

1

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9
Q

Tissue is _____ radiosensitive under high oxygen conditions and _____ radiosensitive under hypoxic conditions.

A

more, less

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10
Q

Fractionation and protraction are used for radiation therapy because they allow the patient to _____.

A

a. recover between doses
b. have higher total doses
c. repair damaged tissues

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11
Q

Humans are most radiosensitive during _____.

A

a. fetal stages

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12
Q

The human application of radioprotective agents would _____.

A

be fatally toxic

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13
Q

Human cells cannot recover from radiation damage after there is _____.

A

interphase death

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14
Q

Studies of the effects of radiation show that low doses may _____.

A

stimulate the immune system

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15
Q

The possible beneficial effect of a small amount of radiation is called _____.

A

hormesis

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16
Q

A _____ response to radiation is directly proportional to the dose received.

A

linear

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17
Q

If a response to radiation is expected, no matter how small the dose, then that dose-response is _____.

A

linear

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18
Q

Radiation induced genetic damage follows a _____ dose-response relationship.

A

linear-nonthreshold

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19
Q

Which dose-response relationship can follow a sigmoid curve?

A

nonlinear-threshold

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20
Q

The human dose-response relationship at low ranges of radiation is calculated using _____.

A

extrapolation from high ranges

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21
Q

If a macromolecule has (a) _____, it will break down into smaller molecules.

A

point lesion

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22
Q

In vitro irradiation of macromolecules causes _____ damage to macromolecules.

A

a. repairable
b. reversible

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23
Q

The most radiosensitive macromolecule is _____.

A

DNA

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24
Q

DNA is contained in the _____ of the cell nucleus.

A

chromosomes

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25
Q

A type of DNA damage that may not be reversible is a _____.

A

base change or loss

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26
Q

Radiation damage to DNA can result in _____.

A

a. cell death
b. malignant disease
c. genetic changes

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27
Q

Molecular lesions of DNA are called _____.

A

point mutations

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28
Q

The principal radiation interaction within the human body is with _____.

A

water

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29
Q

The disassociation of water molecules following irradiation is termed _____.

A

radiolysis

30
Q

Two OH* free radicals can join to form _____ molecules.

A

hydrogen peroxide

31
Q

When an atom of water is irradiated it first dissociates into _____.

A

an ion pair

32
Q

Free radicals can be damaging because they are _____.

A

a. unstable
b. highly reactive

33
Q

An indirect effect from ionizing radiation occurs on a _____ molecule.

A

water

34
Q

Ionizing events from irradiation are considered to be direct effects if they occur with _____ molecules.

A

DNA

35
Q

The principal radiation interactions within the human body are assumed to be _____.

A

indirect effects

36
Q

Irradiation hits occur through _____.

A

a. indirect effects
b. direct effects

37
Q

According to target theory, the target molecule of a cell is _____.

A

the DNA in the nucleus

38
Q

A target molecule that is _____ will always cause cell death.

A

inactivated

39
Q

A hit to a cell target can occur from a(n) _____ effect.

A

a. indirect
b. direct

40
Q

The probability of a hit is increased with _____ oxygen and _____ LET radiation.

A

high, high

41
Q

The lethal effects of cell irradiation are measured by cell _____.

A

survival

42
Q

The _____-target, _____-hit model of radiation induced cell death applies to simple cells only.

A

single, single

43
Q

The DO represents the _____ dose for human cells.

A

mean lethal

44
Q

Human cells are most radiosensitive during the _____ phase of the cell cycle.

A

mitosis

45
Q

Which of the following types of radioactive particle has the highest LET?

A

Alpha particle

46
Q

The mean lethal dose for high LET radiation is ______ than after low LET radiation.

A

lower

47
Q

If oxygen is present during low-LET radiation the effect of radiation is?

A

maximal

48
Q

If oxygen is present during high-LET radiation the effect of radiation is?

A

the same

49
Q

The minimum dose lethal to humans is _____ Gy to the whole body.

A

2

50
Q

What would be the most likely immediate response to a whole body dose of 2 Gy?

A

diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting

51
Q

A single chromosome aberration represents _____ to the DNA within the chromosome.

A

severe damage

52
Q

The most radiosensitive cells in the hematopoietic system of the human body are the _____.

A

lymphocytes

53
Q

Radiation protection guidelines are based on _____.

A

stochastic effects of radiation

54
Q

_____ is a stochastic effect of radiation exposure.

A

Cancer

55
Q

A _____ effect increases in incidence but not severity as the dose increases.

A

stochastic

56
Q

Low doses of radiation have been shown to cause _____.

A

chromosome damage

57
Q

Chronic low doses of radiation have _____ effect on fertility.

A

no

58
Q

Studies of A-bomb survivors indicate that leukemia has a _____ dose-response relationship to radiation.

A

linear, nonthreshold

59
Q

Radiation-induced leukemia has a latent period of _____ years.

A

4-7

60
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis patients treated with radiation showed an increased incidence of _____.

A

leukemia

61
Q

It is difficult to link cancer to radiation exposure because it occurs _____ in the population.

A

in high proportion

62
Q

People who had radiation treatments to their thymus gland as children later showed excess risk for _____.

A

thyroid cancers

63
Q

People who were employed painting radium watch dials later showed excess risk for _____ cancer.

A

bone

64
Q

The theory of radiation hormesis suggests that radiation doses below 0.1 mGy are _____.

A

beneficial

65
Q

Our information on the genetic effects of radiation has come from studies of _____.

A

a. mice
b. fruit flies

66
Q

A protracted dose of radiation is given _____.

A

over a long period of time

67
Q

A dose of 10 Gy given to a patient in 5 doses of 2 Gy per day is a _____ dose.

A

fractionated

68
Q

The RBE of diagnostic x-rays is equal to _____.

A

1

69
Q

Tissue is _____ radiosensitive under high oxygen conditions and _____ radiosensitive under hypoxic conditions.

A

more, less

70
Q

The lethal effects of cell irradiation are measured by cell _____.

A

survival

Radiation production (4 decks)

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