radbio midterms

Question 2

Radiation causes the ionization of
(which will affect)

Answer 2

Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organ
Whole Body

Question 3

Radiation interaction at the atomic level results in ________, which can produce a cell that is deficient in terms of normal _____ and ______.

Answer 3

molecular change
growth and metabolism

Question 4

5 principal types of molecules

Answer 4

Lipids (fats)
Carbohydrates (sugar and starches)
Nucleic acid
Proteins
Water

Question 5

organic molecules

Answer 5

Protein, Lipids, Carbohydrates

Question 6

most critical and radiosensitive target molecule

Answer 6

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 7

Macromolecule

Answer 7

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 8

outside the body or outside the cell

Answer 8

vitro

Question 9

within the living cell

Answer 9

vivo

Question 10

When macromolecules are irradiated in vitro, that is outside the body or outside the cell, a __________ is required to produce measurable effect.

Answer 10

considerable radiation dose

Question 11

Irradiation in vivo, that is, within the living cell, demonstrates that macromolecules are considerably __________ in their natural state.

Answer 11

more radiosensitive

Question 12

liquid that contains dissolved substances

Answer 12

solution

Question 13

When macromolecules are irradiated in solution in vitro, three major
effects occur:

Answer 13

1. Main-Chain Scission
2. Cross-linking
3. Point Lesions

Question 14

The result is the reduction of a long, single molecule into many smaller molecules, each of which may still be macromolecular.

Answer 14

Main-Chain Scission

Question 15

It reduces not only the size of the macromolecule but also the viscosity of the solution

Answer 15

Main-Chain Scission

Question 16

Some macromolecules have small, spur-like side structures that extend off the main chain. Other spurs as a consequence of irradiation.

Answer 16

Cross-linking

Question 17

These side structures can behave as though they had a sticky substance on the end, and they attach to a neighboring macromolecule or to another segment of the same molecule.

Answer 17

Cross-linking

Question 18

Radiation interaction with macromolecules also can result in disruption of single chemical bonds, producing _______.

Answer 18

Point Lesions

Question 19

Point lesions are not detectable, but they can cause a minor medication of the molecule, which it turn can cause it to malfunction within the cell.

Answer 19

Point Lesions

Question 20

most important molecule in the human body because it contains the genetic information for each cell

Answer 20

DNA

Question 21

Each cell has a nucleus that contains DNA complexed with other molecules in the form of _______

Answer 21

chromosomes

Question 22

control the growth and development of the Radiation Effects on DNA cells; these in turn determine the characteristics of the individual

Answer 22

chromosomes

Question 23

Damage to the DNA also can result in _____

Answer 23

abnormal metabolic activity

Question 24

principal characteristic of radiation-induced malignant disease

Answer 24

Uncontrolled rapid proliferation of cells

Question 25

if the damage to the DNA occurs within a _____ cell, then it is possible that the response to radiation exposure will not be observed until the following generation, or even later

Answer 25

germ cell

Question 26

most abundant component of protoplasm

Answer 26

water