cells Flashcards
Basic Cellular Biology Structure
● Cell Membrane
● Cytoplasm
● Cytoplasmic Organelles
● Nucleus
structure encasing and surrounding the human cell
● made up of lipids and proteins
● functions as barricade to protect cellular
contents from the outside environment
● controls the passage of water and other
materials into and out of the cell
Cell Membrane
all cellular metabolic functions occur here
Cytoplasm
protoplasm that exists outside the cell’s nucleus
Cytoplasm
cytoplasm primarily composed of water but also contains
proteins, carbohydrates and lipids
makes up most of the cell
Cytoplasm
functions as the highway system of the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
enables the cell to communicate with the extracellular environment and transfer food and molecules from one part of the cell to another
Endoplasmic Reticulum
two types of ER
Rough Surfaced (granular) and Smooth (agranular)
numerous ribosomes are present
Rough Surfaced (granular)
ribosomes are
not present
Smooth (agranular)
vesicles that extend from the nucleus to the cell membrane
Golgi Apparatus, bodies or Complex
consist of tubes and a tiny sac located near the nucleus
Golgi Apparatus, bodies or Complex
When the cell manufactures enzymes and hormones, the Golgi apparatus:
Concentrates, Packages, Transports
large, double-membranous, oval or bean-shaped structures
Mitochondria
“powerhouses” of the cell because they supply the energy for cells
Mitochondria
contain highly organized enzymes that produce this energy for cellular activity by breaking down nutrients such as: carbohydrates, fats, proteins
Mitochondria
ontain the centrioles, play a significant role in the formation of the mitotic spindle; by organizing the spindle fibers during cell division.
Centrosomes
spherical bodies that are of great importance for within the cytoplasm
Lysosomes
contain a group of different digestive enzymes that target proteins
Lysosomes
primary function appears to be the breaking down of unwanted large molecules
Lysosomes
very small spherical organelles that attach to the ER
Ribosomes
consists of two thirds RNA and one third protein
Ribosomes
manufacture (synthesize) the various proteins that cells require by using the blueprints provided by mRNA
Ribosomes
located in the center of the cell near the nucleus
Centrosomes
forms the heart of the living cell
Nucleus
separated from the other parts of the cell by double walled membrane (nuclear envelope
Nucleus
spherical mass of protoplasm
nucleoplasm
two nuclear components are arranged in long threads
chromatin
tiny rod-shaped bodies
chromosome
ne very small, rounded body
nucleolus
hemical building material for all living things
protoplasm
○ this substance carries on the:
○ Complex process of metabolism
○ Reception and processing of food
and oxygen
○ Elimination of waste products
protoplasm
contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Organic compounds
do not contain
carbon
inorganic compounds
3 Water’s Role Outside the Cell
● As a transportation system to and from cells
● As a medium to dissolve and regulate acids, bases, and salts
● As a means of maintaining a constant body temperature
5 Functions of Water in the Body
● Acts as a solvent
● Acts as transport medium for
substances
● Serves to lubricate joints and the
digestive tract
● Regulates body temperature through
evaporation
● Cushion organs such as the brain and
lungs
most abundant component of
protoplasm
Water
Protein, how many percent
15% of the cell
composed of the elements carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Proteins
● assisting in growth, constructing tissues, and repairing injured or worn-out tissues
● are located in fingernails, hair, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and
muscle
Proteins
building blocks of proteins
amino acids
ex of proteins:
insulin, egg whites,
gelatin, and hemoglobin
important group of proteins that are
found in all living cells
enzymes
act as organic catalysts
enzymes
provide cell energy, help to make cell parts, and control almost every
cell process
enzymes
Lipids, how many percent
2%
Carbohyrdrates, how many percent
1%
Nucleic Acid, how many percent
1%
storing energy, insulating our bodies from cold, assisting with the digestive process, and helping to lubricate the joints
Lipids
composed of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen, and are the major source of cell energy
Carbohydrates
subdivided into monosaccharides,
disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Carbohydrates
simple sugars. They cannot be broken down further
monosaccharides
double sugars
disaccharides
large macromolecules constructed of hundreds to thousands of simple
sugar molecules in a long chain
polysaccharides
organic compounds that contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and phosphorus
NucleicAcids
largest known organic molecules
NucleicAcids
smaller subunits
nucleotides
two groups of nitrogenous bases
purines and pyrimidines.
