RAD10D Test #2 Flashcards
Chap. 7-10
OSHA
occupational safety & health admin; governs safety in workplace
Fire prevention
crucial to ensure; be aware of things in workplace that can start fire
Fire Safety Plan
every hospital must and will have this in case of emergency
3 Components of starting a fire
O2, Fuel, & Heat
Most fires in hospitals are caused by….
Electrical, open flames, spontaneous combustion, and cig. smokers
Spontaneous combustion
chemical reaction in/near flammable material causes heat
Electrical fires are common in …..
radiology dept.
Examples of spontaneous combustion…
paints, used cleaning rags. etc
Make sure to always turn off ….
breakers!
O2 doesn’t burn, but it supports ….
combustion
True/False: Any electrical equip. that could cause a spark a fire could be used in the presence of O2
FALSE; shouldn’t be used and must be marked as hazardous in situations where O2 is in use
What listed down below is not something to do when in case of fire:
- “Code Red”
- Know fire plan & exit route
- Yell ‘FIRE!’
- Locate fire doors, fire extinguishers and fire alarm
Yell ‘FIRE!’
What does R.A.C.E. mean?
R- Rescue/remove
A- alarm
C-contain
E- extinguish/evacuate
When do you use P.A.S.S.?
when using fire extinguisher
Primary responsibility is to evacuate beyond….
at least 2 intervening fire doors
What does P.A.S.S. mean?
P- pull pin
A- aim
S- squeeze handle/spray
S- sweep at foundation of fire
What are Fire extnguishers
tool used to put fires out
Types of Fire Extinguishers
- CLASS A
- CLASS B
- CLASS C
- CLASS D
- CLASS K
What types of fire extinguishers are multipurpose?
CLASS A, B, & C
CLASS A🧯
solid common compbustibles, paper, wood, etc
CLASS B🧯
flammable liquids
CLASS C🧯
electrical equip. & wiring; think Copper wires
CLASS D 🧯
metal alloys
CLASS K
cooking media; animal fats & oils
Other common hazards…
slippery floors, loose cords, heavy lifting, sharp objects, electric shock, etc
MSDS
material safety data sheets; document required by OSHA for all hazardous chemicals, specifying required equip. & procedure in event of spill
Put steps in order to help ensure safety when spill occurs:
1. If you can proceed safely, clean immediately.
2. Limit access to affected area.
3. Determine whether you have both equip. & expertise to clean up spill.
4.Evaluate the risks involved
5, If lack the necessary skill/equip., call supervisor or appropriate dept.
2, 4, 3, 1, 5
Work areas require to have these kits.
Spill kits
Which of the following is not a typical component of a spill kit?
- Nitrile gloves
- Kitty litter
- Mop
- broom/dust pan
Mop
Components of spill kit:
Nitrile gloves, kitty litter, heavy big bags, broom/dustpan
Ergonomics
study of workplace injury prevention
Ergonomic awareness & education in workplace has _______ job injuries in recent years, but still a concern.
a. Reduced
b. Remained the same
c. never worked
d. increased
A. reduced
MSDs
musculoskeletal disorders; most common injuries reported by healthcare workers
Subcategories of MSDs
RMIs, CTDs, & RSIs
RMIs & RSIs
RMIs- repetitive motion injuries
RSIs - repetitive strain injuries
~ result of performing repetitive motions or applying pressure extensively
CTDs
cumulative trauma disorders
Microtrauma
basis of CTDs
body mechanics
principles of proper body alignment, movement, and balance; essentialgood posture & reducing risk of injury
3 concepts essential to understanding principles of body mechanics
Line of gravity, base of support, and center of gravity
Line of Gravity
imaginary vertical line passing through center of gravity
base of support
portion of body in contact with the floor; ex. feet
Center of gravity
point where weight of object is centralized; ex. pelvis
When lifting, bend at the knees and keep ____ straight.
Back
TRUE/FALSE; Keep carrying object away from body
FALSE! Always keep carrying object close to body, can strain back
80 % of imaging techs. experience some form of work-related injury, usually in the forms of RMIs/RSIs affecting shoulder, arm, or wrists, if their area of specialization is:
A. Radiography
B. MRI
C. Sonography
D. CT
C. Sonography
TRUE/FALSE:
When inpatients are moved from one place to another in a hospital, they are allowed to walk if capable.
FALSE!
Wheeled transport is required always!
Method of transport when patient can stand and sit….
wheelchair
Method of transportation when patient cannot sit or stand….
Gurney (aka stretcher)C
Infants/toddlers are often transported in…
their cribs
Put the the following Initial steps to prepping transfer in order
A) Plan and prepare area
B) 2 patient identifiers
C) Introduce yourself!
D) check with nursing station for info
C, D, B, A:
- Introduce yourself!
- check with nursing station for info
- 2 patient identifiers
- Plan and prepare area
When obtaining equipment for transfer, what are the 2 things you should check for?
safety and function
Position wheelchair ___ __ to table/patient’s bed with wheels locked & footrests out the way.
A. Across
B. Parallel
C. Close
D. Next
B. parallel
After long periods of time of rest, patients have a mild reduction of O2 supply to the brain that occurs with changes in body positions. What is it called?
Orthostatic hypotension
Gait belt should be used when patient is …
weak or unsteady
Support the patient from _______ side and encourage them to lead with strong leg.
affected/weak side
Precautions for Patients with hip surgery, via Anterior Approach
- avoid abduction
- avoid adduction
- avoid hyperextension
- avoid internal and external rotation
- may sit upright
- weight bearing tolerated, usually
Precautions for patients with hip surgery via Posterior approach
-avoid adduction
- avoid internal rotation
- weight bearing tolerated, usually
- abduction is permitted
- must not flex hip beyond 90 degrees
Slider board or sliding mats can be used to:
A. immobilize child
B. provide comfort on x-ray table
C. facilitate a stretcher transfer
D. to ease patient to sitting position
C. facilitate a stretcher transfer
Name transfer techniques
assisted standing pivot transfer, 2 person lift, and hydraulic lift
Stretchers are equipped with side rails to ensure that patient….
do not fall or attempt to climb off without assistance
A _____ is used to assist in moving/reposition patient.
Draw sheet
When assisting a patient to sit from a supine position, or to lie down from sitting position, you should place your arms under _______ and ______.
shoulders; knees
Use of meds. to induce a state of calm/sleep is ….
sedation
When a patient in a wheelchair/bed cannot stand, what equipment is required?
Hydraulic lift
Don’t attempt to operate hydraulic lift, until …..
you have been instructed in its safe use
When transferring patient from stretcher, you should position arms where ?
across chest
Common fall risks in patients are …..
patients missing edge of chair by sitting near edge; occur when patients sit in wheelchair
Team requirement (3-5 people; 2 on each side, 1 supporting head) & C-spine precaution
Log Roll
Types of microorganisms
bacteria, viruses, fungi/molds, and parasites/helminths
What are the standard, or ‘universal’ precautions?
- Hand hygiene
- PPE
- Cleaning disinfectants
- Masks (PAPR/N95/Surgical)
What is normal flora?
microorganisms within human body that don’t cause disease and may be beneficial
What are pathogens?
microorganisms that cause infection and disease
Very small, single-celled organisms with cell wall and atypical nucleus that lacks membrane
Bacteria
TRUE/FALSE:
Bacteria depend on host cell.
FALSE;
Bacteria grow independently & replicate without host cell
Bacteria have 3 distinct shapes, which are….
- cocci; spherical
- bacilli; rod-shaped
- spirilla; spiral shaped
Cocci may exists singly, in groups, or clusters. What are the classifications of these groupings?
- single coccus
- diplococci
- streptococcus (chain formation)
- staphylococcus (cluster/bunch of grapes formation)
Bacteria is grouped by their….
oxygen requirements
O2 requirements can be classified as ….
aerobic (grow in presence of O2) or anaerobic (won’t grow in presence of O2)
Bacteria that can adapt and grow under either anaerobic/aerobic conditions are called….
facultative organisms
Bacterial forms that are resistant to destruction and can remain viable for many years are called…
endospores
Examples of diseases caused by bacteria
Streptococcus pharyngitis, TB, E. coli, Salmonella typhi
Subcellular organism and are among the smallest known disease-causing organisms
Viruses
A fully developed virus particle and made of genetic material
Virion
Viruses ______ survive independently, they thrive on hosts with poor nutrition, comprised health, etc.
- can or cannot
cannot
Viruses may be ______ for years before causing symptoms.
dormant
DNA & RNA are protected by an outer protein coating called….
capsid
What are examples of enveloped viruses ?
Influenza, HIV, and Hep B
True/False:
Viruses cannot mutate.
FALSE;
They CAN mutate and quite rapidly
Viruses mutate rapidly that they become……
resistant to drugs that originally effective against them
Respiratory viral infections
influenza, common colds are widespread
Viruses that cause childhood diseases
mumps and measles
Viruses that cause serious conditions
Hepatitis, HIV, varicella-zoster
Microorganisms classified as acid-fast are a type of ….
Bacteria
Particles of evaporated droplets containing microorganisms and measuring 5 microns or smaller are called….
droplet nuclei
Occur as single-celled yeasts or as long branched structures called molds that are composed of many cells….
Fungi
Fungi require ____ to reproduce and live
air; they are air dependent
Yeasts reproduce by forming ______, whereas molds reproduce by ____ formation.
buds; spore
T/F:
Certain fungi can’t be be used in medical application.
FALSE;
It CAN be used!
In humans, fungi cause …..
skin infections, athlete’s foot, ringworm, histoplasmosis
Opportunistic infections are usually caused by…..
nonpathogenic organisms, such as PCP
Prions are….
may be infectious proteins, are resistant to body’s natural defense and continue to multiply unchecked
Complex, single-celled animals that generally exist as free-living organisms
protozoa
Protozoa are classified as ….
motile/nonmotile
Methods of motility in protozoa/parasites…
- flagella ( whip-like formation)
- Cilia (fine, hair-like projection)
- pseudopods (false ‘feet’)
Examples of diseases caused by protozoa
Malaria, toxoplasmosis, etc
Most parasitic protozoa produce some type of resistant for such as ….
cysts, to survive outside host cell, up to extensive periods
T/F:
Helminths are classified as cocci, bacilli, etc.
FALSE!
They are worm like parasites
There must be an _______ to be transmitted.
A. reservoir of infection
B. Infectious organism
C. Mosquito
D. Cyst
B. Infectious Organism
Nosocomial applies to infections that are….
hospital acquired infections (HAIs)
Examples of nonhuman reservoirs include….
- Soil (tetanus)
- Animals (salmonella)
- food (botulism)
- water (typhus/legionnaire’s disease)
Who was a “healthy food handler”?
‘Typhoid Mary’
Pathogens find any place it can grow & multiply, which reefers to what part of the infection cycle?
Reservoir of Infection
Place the following in order:
1. Portal of entry
2. Reservoir
3. Portal of exit
4. Means of transmission
5. susceptible host
6.pathogenic organism
________________________
A. 3, 6, 1, 2, 5, 4
B. 6, 2, 3, 4, 1, 5
C. 6, 4, 1, 2, 3, 5
D. 2, 3, 5, 1, 6, 4
B.
6. 2. 3. 4. 1. 5
Portal of exit from human body may be the route of ….
blood, bodily fluids, excretions, and secretions
Six main routes of transmission are
- fomite
- direct contact
- droplet contamination
- airborne
- vectors
- vehicles
Direct contact transmission requires that the host is ________ by infected person and placed to susceptible tissue.
Touched
Object that has contaminated with pathogenic organism is called….
fomite
Forms of fomite in radiology dept. might include….
- wall bucky
- x ray table
- IR
- positioning sponges
Vector is an _____ in whose body an infectious organism develops/multiplies before becoming infectious to new host.
A. Microorganism
B. Arthropod
C. Fungi
D. Virus
B. arthrapod
examples of vectors are….
- mosquitos (transmitting malaria/dengue)
- fleas (carrying bubonic plague)
- ticks/deer ticks (lyme disease)
Any medium that transports microorganisms such as contaminated food, drugs, blood, or water.
Vehicles
Occurs when infectious individual sneeze, cough, sings, etc in vicinity of susceptible host.
Droplet contamination
Airborne transmission occurs from dust that contain _______ or _____ nuclei
A. Endospores or droplet nuclei
B. Bacteria or atomic nuclei
C. Dust or atomic nuclei
D. Spores or droplet nuclei
D. spores or droplet nuclei
Droplet transmission involve contact with ______ membranes of susceptible host
mucous
Natural Resistance
barriers that prevent microorganisms from entering body, such as intact skin
Stages of infection
- incubation
- prodromal
- full disease
- convalescent
Incubation phase of infection
period between exposure and onset of symptoms
Active/Acquired Immunity
body is able to distinguish itself from protein substances that enter body (antigens); Long Term
Prodromal phase of infection
early symptoms appear, often mild & nonspecific
Passive Immunity
occurs when individuals receive antibodies outside the body; Short term
Examples of passive immunity
injections, mother’s milk, etc
Full disease phase of infection
infection reaches peak with full symptoms
Convalescent phase of infection
recovery phase as symptoms subside
Virulence factors
distinguish from nonpathogenic organisms or normal flora, enables bacteria to damage host
Examples of virulence factors are….
biofilms, toxins, etc
Infectious disease that affects many people at the same time in same geographic area
Epidemic
Widespread epidemic
Pandemic
CDC
centers of disease control & prevention; monitors and studies types of reoccurring infections
WHO
World Health Organization; studies, collects, and compiles infection data from every country
Factors of emerging diseases include…
Climate change, bioterrorism, contact w/ new strain pathogens, increase in population (crowded cities), transportation of goods, breakdowns of public health measure, etc
Inadequate public measure in South America and Africa resulted in _____
cholera
Reforestation increases populations of deer and deer ticks, which is a vector of…..
Lyme Disease
Outbreak of what in the US in 2001 demonstrated the ease with which terrorists can spread diseases.
Anthrax
Approximately ___,000 patients admitted to hospitals each year acquire HAIs
687, 000
CDC estimates that ______ patients die each year pf HAIs
72,000
One in _____ patients will acquire infection on acute care setting.
A. 25
B. 31
C. 10
D. 7
B. 31
Two traits that may be responsible for causing E. coli outbreak
- one trait is Shiga toxin, causes severe illness such as kidney failure or bloody diarrhea
- second trait is bacteria aggregate on surface
The major type of HIV are ______ (HIV-1) and HIV-2 found primarily in hetero. populations in_________.
predominant type; West Africa
AIDS is called _______ for reporting purposes.
stage 3 HIV
Virus that was brought to North America by travelers from Asia by air transport of used tires introducing mosquitoes carrying dengue
severe acute respiratory system (SARS)
The outbreak of _______ pulmonary syndrome in the southwestern US in 1993 blamed on 6 year drought followed by mild, wet winter, and spring.
a. Anthrax
b. TB
c. Hantavirus
d. pneumonia
c. Hantavirus
HIV is a ______ pathogen that causes AIDS.
a. airborne
b. direct contact
c. droplet contamination
d. bloodborne
d. bloodborne
RNA viruses are called retroviruses because they replicate in a “_________” manner
a. backwards
b. straight
c. forward
d. zig zag
a. backwards
Approximately 1 in ___ people have undiagnosed disease.
a. 15
b. 7
c. 10
d. 4
b. 7
Which of the following is not a typical source of HAIs :
- mops
- contaminated hands
- catheters
Mops
About ____ % of patients (in hospitals) that receive antibodies develop C. diff
20
Hep. A & E can be transmitted through water contaminated with….
feces
T/F:
Hep C is more infectious than Hep B
FALSE; Hep B is more infectious
Medical ____ deals with reducing probability of infectious organisms being trasnmitted to susceptible host.
apsesis
When handling linens, you must fold the edges of linen to ____ of without shaking/flapping, and immediately form into ball and into hamper.
middle
Risk of contracting HIV from needlestick injury is :
a. 100%
b. approx. 50%
c. 10-20%
d. less than 1%
D
less than 1%
Which type of hepatitis has no vaccine ?
A, B, C, or D
Type C
Mucocutaneous Candida, herpes, cytomegalovirus, and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia are examples of ?
a. multidrug resistant infections
b. opportunistic infections associated with HAIs
c. HAIs
d. airborne diseases
B
opportunistic infections
PPD test is used to test for what disease?
TB
What are multidrug resistant infections?
bacteria that have become resistant to certain antibiotics; such as MRSA and VRE
