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RADIATION THERAPY > RAD THERA - PRELIM L1 & L2 > Flashcards

RAD THERA - PRELIM L1 & L2 Flashcards

1
Q

A wild, disorganized, unrestrained multiplication of rogue cells leading to abnormal growth in a tissue or organ of the body

A

Cancer

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2
Q

Other terms for cancer (2)

A
  1. Virulent
  2. Malignant Cell Growth
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3
Q

Which type of cancer has the highest rate of incidence in males in 2014 ?

A

Prostate Cancer

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3
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Cancer can manifest itself as a localized tumor only

A

FALSE

Cancer can manifest itself as a LOCALIZED TUMOR or as DISSEMINATED DISEASE THROUGHOUT THE BODY

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4
Q

Which type of cancer has the highest rate of incidence in females in 2014 ?

A

Breast Cancer

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5
Q

Roentgen received the Nobel Prize in Physics in ________, making him the first person to win such award

A

1901

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5
Q

Roentgen worked with cathode rays with a bottle of ________

A

Barium Platinocyanide

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5
Q

Which type of cancer has the highest rate of deaths in females in 2014 ?

A

Lung Cancer

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5
Q

Which type of cancer has the highest rate of deaths in males in 2014 ?

A

Lung Cancer

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6
Q

Complete the following:

______ and ____ are ised for the control of localized tumors while ______ is reserved for disseminated, widespread disease.

A
  1. Radiation Therapy and Surgery (Localized)
  2. Chemotherapy (Widespread)
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6
Q

X-rays could penetrate various substances but were stopped by _____

A

Lead (Pb)

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7
Q

He is a German physicist who discovered x-rays

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

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8
Q

Becquerel discovered Radium alongside _______ and _______

A
  1. Marie Curie
  2. Pierre Curie
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8
Q

He discovered Uranium and was coined as the father of radioactivity

A

Henri Antoine Becquerel

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9
Q

Where and when did Becquerel discover radioactivity ?

A
  1. Paris
  2. February 26, 1896
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10
Q

The insertion of radium directly into the body at tumor sites which causes a more lethal effect on malignant cells is the advent of which imaging treatment/ modality ?

A

Brachytherapy

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11
Q

Who is the first cancer (breast cancer) patient who was irradiated daily for several weeks

A

Rose Lee

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11
Q

A Swedish pioneer of radiology credited with being the first to cure a patient with skin cancer using x-rays in 1899

A

Thor Stenbeck

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12
Q

A medical student in Chicago, USA who manufactured hot cathode tubes to irradiate the first cancer patient

A

Emil Grubbe

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13
Q

The 1940s moved the field from Supervoltage (kV) to __________ units of several million volts

A

Megavoltage (MV)

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13
Q

Who invented the hot cathode x-ray tube

A

William Coolidge

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13
Q

The ______ brought radiotherapy into its own science

A

1930s

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14
Q

Isolated low intensity electrons for irradiation of superficial tissues demonstrating little damage to deeper structure

A

Van de Graaff

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15
Q

In 1953 the first linear accelerator was used for patient treatment functioning in the energy range of _____

A

8 MV

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16
Q

Who is responsible for the treatment of Nevus with X-ray

A

Leopold Freund

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17
Q

He invented Fluoroscopy

A

Thomas Alva Edison

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18
Q

Who discovered Alpha and Beta Rays from Uranium ?

A

Ernest Rutherford

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18
Q

He discovered Gamma Rays from Uranium

A

Paul Villard

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19
Q

He discovered and announced the finding of electron on April 30, 1897

A

Joseph John Thomson

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20
Q

He is credited with the cure of cervical cancer with radium sources

A

Robert Abbe

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20
Q

Who are credited for the use of Brachytherapy for Cervical Cancer ?

A
  1. Claudius Regaud
  2. Antoine Lacassagne
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20
Q

Who are the proponents of the Geiger-Muller counter ?

A
  1. Hans Geiger
  2. Walther Muller
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20
Q

He is credited with the treatment of Cutaenous Lupus with Radium

A

Henri Danlos

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21
Q

Who formulated the 1st Law of Cell Radiosensitivity ?

A

Jean Bergonie and Louis Tribondeau

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22
Q

Who are the proponents of the STOCKHOLM System of Brachytherapy Dosimetry ?

A
  1. Rolf Sievert
  2. J. Heyman
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23
Q

Who is the proponent of Dose Fractionation ?

A

Claudius Regaud

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24
Q

Originator of particle accelerator concepts including RF Linear Accelerator and Betatron Accelerator

A

Rolf Wideroe

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24
Q

He cured Laryngeal Cancer with Fractionated Radiotherapy

A

Henri Coutard

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25
Q

He invented the Cyclotron

A

Ernest Orlando Lawrence

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26
Q

Proponents of the QUIMBY System of Dosimetry

A
  1. Edith Quimby
  2. G. Failla
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27
Q

Who discovered Neutrons ?

A

James Chadwick

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28
Q

A particle accelerator capable of producing 13 million volts or 13 Mega volts

A

Van de Graaff Generator

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28
Q

They discovered oxygen effect in radiotherapy

A
  1. H. Crabtree
  2. W. Cramer
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29
Q

MANCHESTER System of Dosimetry for Interstitial Brachytherapy

A
  1. R. Patterson
  2. H. Parker
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29
Q

Discovered and produced Artificial Radioactivity by bombarding
aluminum ( AI ) with alpha particles.

A
  1. Frederick Joliot
  2. Irene Curie Joliot
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30
Q

Who are credited for the discovery of Technetium-99m ?

A
  1. Emilio Segre
  2. Carlo Perrier
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30
Q

He developed the Betatron to accelerate electrons

A

Max Steenbeck

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31
Q

First to use NEUTRON beam from Cyclotron for Cancer treatment.

A
  1. R. Stone
  2. Ernest O. Lawrence
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32
Q

The __________ accepted _______ as an international dosage unit for x-rays and gamma radiation ?

A
  1. 5th International Congress of Radiology
  2. ROENTGEN (R)
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33
Q

Constructed BETATRON, electron accelerator ( 20 MeV - 300 MeV )

A

Donald Kerst

34
Q

Used Radioiodine ( Iodine 131) for Thyroid cancer

A

Saul Hertz

34
Q

Proposed an application of ions of Radiotherapy

A

Robert Wilson

35
Q

Developed MICROTRON, an electron accelerator

A

Vladimir Veksler

36
Q

FLETCHER System of Gynecologic Brachytherapy

A

Gilbert Fletcher

37
Q

Built the 1st Cobalt 60 Telegraphy unit

BONUS QUESTION: Where was the above-mentioned installed ?

A
  1. Harold E. Johns

BONUS Q: Saskatoon, Ontario, Canada

38
Q

Invented Gamma Knife Radiosurgery

A

Lars Lekssel

38
Q

Who installed the 1st Electron Linear Accelerator designed for radiotherapy

A

Metropolitan-Vickers (Fry, Ginzton, Chodorow)

39
Q

1st treatment with Boron Neutron Capture Therapy

A

W.H. Sweet

40
Q

Where was the 1st Electron Linear Accelerator designed for radiotherapy installed ?

A

Hammersmith Hospital in London, England

41
Q

The _______ adopted the ______ as a unit of absorbed dose of any Ionizing Radiation

A
  1. 7th International Congress of Radiology
  2. RAD
41
Q

Linear Quadrantic parameters from fractionation experiment

A
  1. J. Fowler
  2. B. Douglas
41
Q

Who invented the Medical Linear Accelerator ?

A
  1. Henry S. Kaplan
  2. Edward Ginzton
42
Q

1st Patient treated with PROTON therapy

A
  1. E. Lawrence
  2. R. Wilson
42
Q

Used of Cesium 137 for Teletherapy unit

A
  1. F. Comas
  2. M. Brucer
42
Q

Oscillating source system for brachytherapy

A

U. Henschke

42
Q

Who developed and applied computational methods to implant dosimetry ?

A
  1. R. Nelson
  2. M. Merck
43
Q

Used Cobalt 60 source for high dose rate brachytherapy

A

Mark Wakabayashi

43
Q

Developed Multi-leaf collimator ( MLC )

A

Shinji Takahashi

44
Q

Invented X-ray Computed Tomography and 1st CT Scanner

A

Godfrey Hounsfield

44
Q

PARIS System of brachytherapy dosimetry

A

B. Pierquin

45
Q

Invented Positron Emission Tomography ( PET ) Scan

A

Edward J. Hoffman

45
Q

Standardization of the clinical use if electron beam

A

N. Duv Tapley

46
Q

Used fast Neutron Therapy.

A
  1. M. Catterall
  2. D. Bewley
47
Q

Completed hospital-bases PROTON facility

A

Lorma Linda University

47
Q

1st Commercial Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI ) device

A

P. Bottomley

48
Q

Formulated inverse planning

A
  1. A. Brahme
  2. A. Cormack
49
Q

Invented Helical Tomotherapy

A

T.R Mackie

50
Q

Proponent of Robotic Radiotherapy

50
Q

Radiotherapy Facility using CARBON ION beam.

A

N.I.R.S - Chiba, Japan

51
Q

Multi-leaf Collimator adapted for IMRT

A

L. Brewster

51
Q

Image Guided Radiotherapy ( IMRT ) was developed by ______

A

NOMOS PEACOCK

52
Q

This radiation is thousand of times more powerful than the radiation used in taking a diagnostic x-ray

A

Ionizing Radiation

52
Q

A clinical specialty dealing with the use of ionizing radiation in the treatment of patients with malignant neoplasia

A

Radiation Therapy

53
Q

Marketing of Cobalt 60 microsouce system for HDR Brachytherapy

A

Eckert and Ziegler Bebig

54
Q

GEC-ESTRO recommendations for image based for cervical brachytherapy

A
  1. C. Hale-Meder
  2. R. Potter
54
Q

Proponent of Targeted Therapy and radiotherapy

A

J.A Bonner et.al

55
Q

Proponent of MRI-LINAC

A

J. Dempsey

56
Q

Objective / Aim of Radiotherapy is to _______

A

Deliver a Precisely Measured Dose of Radiation

57
Q

Standard practice is to deliver small doses of radiation over a period of _____ to ____ weeks, called as _______

A
  1. 4 to 8 Weeks
  2. Fractionation
58
Q

Provision of radiation with the intent to cure

A

Curative Treatment

59
Q

Provision of radiation with the intention to reduce or relive pain in cases where prognosis is terminal

A

Palliative Treatment

60
Q

A clinical
and scientific endeavor devoted to the management
of patients with cancer and other neoplasm by ionizing radiation alone or combined with other modalities and to the investigation of application of
radiation therapy and the training of personnel in
the field.

A

Radiation Oncology

61
Q

Involves the removal of the tumor plus some surrounding normal tissues.

62
Q

Uses photons, electrons and other sources of radiation, to deliver
radiation treatment and destroy cancer cells

A

Radiation Therapy

63
Q

Is the use of drugs, taken by mouth or injected into
a patient’s vein. These drugs travel throughout the body working to
destroy cancer cells.

A

Chemotherapy

64
Q

Low voltage x-rays, are used to treat benign skin or superficial soft tissue disorders.

A

Electron Therapy

64
Q

It is primarily
used to fully eradicate the patient’s diseased bone marrow prior to transplantation.

A

Bone Marrow Transplantation

65
Q

Administration of Radiotherapy may be through (2):

A
  1. External Beam Radiation Therapy
  2. Brachytherapy
65
Q

Can be performed on benign venous
malformation (AVM) in the brain that are
surgically unresectable

A

Stereotactic Radiosurgery

66
Q

A radiation beam comes from an outside source
directed towards the tumor sites. Machines used are either Cobalt 60
(Co60) or a Linear
Accelerator (LINAC).

A

External Beam Radiation Therapy

67
Q

Involves the application of radioactive source directly to the tumor site

A

Brachytherapy

68
Q

Radioactive sources for brachytherapy include (4):

A
  1. Cobalt-60
  2. Iridium-192
  3. Cesium-137
  4. Gold-198
69
Q

Brachytherapy may be applied via (4):

A
  1. Intracavitary
  2. Interstitial
  3. Intraluminal
  4. Contact or Surface Application
70
Q

The Effects of Radiotherapy include (4):

A
  1. Decrease in the Size of the Mass
  2. Decrease the Intensity of Pain
  3. Render Sterility to Tumor Bed
  4. Controls Bleeding
71
Q

An initial multi-disciplinary evaluation is performed
which includes assessing the pathologic and clinical stage of disease, diagnostic tests, history and physical examination of the patient.

A

Clinical Evaluation and Consultation

72
Q

Based on evaluation and consultation, treatment modality and treatment goals are selected

A

Therapeutic Decision

73
Q

Immobilization devices are designed, field center and borders are aligned by fluoroscopy/ lap lasers, treatment fields are documented by diagnostic quality radiographs/ CT images

A

Simulation

74
Q

Tumor extent and potential areas of spread are defined, sensitive organs and tissues are identified

A

CT Planning / Target Volume Localization

75
Q

Treatment technique is planned with the aid of dosimetry calculations and treatment planning devices. The use of CT images is a part of this process

A

Treatment Planning

76
Q

Actual delivery of radiation treatment either by external beam or brachytherapy

77
Q

Patients are evaluated during and after treatment to assess the response and tolerance to treatment

A

Evaluation and Follow-up

78
Q

Workflow in Radiotherapy (7):

A
  1. Clinical Evaluation and Consultation
  2. Therapeutic Decision
  3. Simulation
  4. CT Planning / Target Volume Localization
  5. Treatment Planning
  6. Treatment
  7. Evaluation and Follow-up
79
Q

The doctor who oversees the radiation therapy
treatments.

A

Radiation Oncologist

80
Q

Ensures that complex treatment plans are properly
tailored for each patient

A

Medical Radiation Physicist

81
Q

Works with the radiation oncologist and medical physicist to calculate the proper dose of radiation given to the tumor

A

Dosimetrist

82
Q

Administers the daily radiation under the doctor’s
prescription and supervision.

A

Radiation Therapist

83
Q

Cares for the patient and family by providing education,
emotional support and tips for managing side effects.

A

Radiation Oncology Nurse

84
Q

Responsible for the accurate delivery of radiation dosage according to the prescription of radiation oncologist and based on the technique developed by the
medical physicist.

A

Radiation Therapy Technologist

84
Q

Scientific and technical experts who are responsible for
the acceptance, commissioning, calibration, maintenance and on-going QA of all radiotherapy
equipment

A

Medical Physicist

84
Q

Checks the attendance and proper referrals of cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy

A

Oncology Nurse

85
Q

Instructs patient’s therapeutic diet and necessary
nutritional s in holistic approach

A

Nutritionist - Dietitian (ND)

85
Q

Cleans instruments, treatment and examination rooms

A

Nurse Attendant

86
Q

Answers patient’s queries regarding charges such as
hospital and professional fees.

RADIATION THERAPY (2 decks)

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