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Radiology Sem 2 > Rad Tech #2:test 2 > Flashcards

Rad Tech #2:test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Same quality factors of recorded detail, distortion, receptor exposure (density) and contrast

A

Image analysis

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2
Q

1) Can be dangerous in radiology

2) Can aluminate preconceived ideas about image to overcome mis-perceptions

A

Image perception

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3
Q

Controlling image space :

What are some radiographers challenges with taking images?

A

1) positioning area of interest so image quality will be improved
2) start with mentally visualizing abject of interest floating within body

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4
Q

What makes image a good contrast, good sharpness and visibility?

A

1) The image must possess sharpness invisibility and have proper balance of factors for radiographic quality
2) Text can utilize a number of factors, formulas, and techniques that can be manipulated to get good image

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5
Q

Measurable geometric ( can be measured) property of radiographic quality its an objective in nature?

A

Sharpness

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6
Q

What are two factors of sharpness?

A

1) spatial resolution (new digital word)

2) distortion ( any time tube is angled)

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7
Q

Photographic property that is subjective in nature ( what you see)

A

Visibility

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8
Q

What are 2 factors of visibility?

A

1) receptor exposure (density)

2) contrast

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9
Q

What is the formation of structural lines of image sharpness of details an image is measured?

A

Spatial resolution

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10
Q

What are other names of special resolution can be called?

A 
Definition (rare) 
Sharpness
Recorded detail 
Detail 
Resolution
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11
Q

What is a misrepresentation of the size/type of image recorded?

Ex) take image, make it bigger/ smaller=distortion

A

Distortion

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12
Q

Which major radiographic properties records detail and distortion are inversely proportional?

(As property increases, the detail decreases)

A

Distortion

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13
Q

What is the amount of blackness on an image or dark And can tell how much radiation is on an image?

A

Receptor exposure ( density~only in film)

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14
Q

When an image is black what happened to the radiation?

A

The radiation hit the receptor with a lot of force

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15
Q

What happen with radiation when your image is white?

A

No radiation went through

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16
Q

What is the difference in density in an image?

A

Contrast

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17
Q

Which radiographic property has images that have different shades of black, gray or white?

A

Contrast

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18
Q

What was the name of Chad to determine whether it has good contrast?

A

1) Must have two shades

2) Must have the ability to distinguish adjacent structures from each other

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19
Q

What deals with images or number of structural lines recorded

A

Resolution

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20
Q

How many ways can you assess spatial resolution?

A

4

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21
Q

What is the unit of resolution?

A

1p/mm ( line pairs/millimeters)

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22
Q

What is dependent on metric size, pixel size, grayscale bit depth

(as metric size increases, pixel size decrease, spatial resolution increases = better image !!)

A

Spatial resolution

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23
Q

Which floor of assessing spatial resolution uses the trabecular pattern? (Lines you can see in pattern)

A

Clinical evaluation

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24
Q

What is a line in space, each approximately 0.1mm in size, anything greater that 0.2mm per line is intolerable?

A

Line pair

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25
Q

What are the factors that affect the degree of sharpness on an image?

A

1) motion=no sharpness = you lose resolution

2) geometry= SID,OID, focal spot (you set these/ have control over them)

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26
Q

What are the five imaging processes?

A 
Image acquisition 
Image processing 
image archiving 
Image display
Image analysis
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27
Q

What is the definition of distortion?

A

Misrepresentation of size and shape

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28
Q

What is another name for shape distortion?

A

True distortion

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29
Q

What is resolution measured in?

A

Lp/mm

Linear pair per millimeter

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30
Q

Name 3 methods of controlling motion

A

1) communication
2) immobilization
3) reducing exposure time

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31
Q

What is the minimal change in MaS needed to see a noticeable change in density?

A

30%

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32
Q

Which has more fissure mass, muscle, or bone?

A

Bone

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33
Q

Short wavelengths are produced by what kind of kv?

A

High kv
(More energy=more penetration)
(Better for patients because x-rays go through instead of absorbing in them)

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34
Q

High contract is produced by what kind of wavelength?

A

Long wavelength (low kvp)

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35
Q

If u increase kvp, what happens to receptor exposure?

A

Receptor exposure increases

Increase kvp by 15% = receptor exposure doubles

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36
Q

If you increase SID, what happenes to resolution?

A

Resolution increases

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37
Q

2 types of motion

A

1) voluntary (patient has control over)

2) involuntary (no control over; ex heart beat

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38
Q

Name 3 factors that affect distortion

A

Factors for size:

1) SID
2) OID

Factors for shape:

1) Angle of tube
2) Angle of patient
3) Central ray alignment

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39
Q

As Ma increases, what happens to receptor exposure?

A

Receptor exposure increases

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40
Q

What kind of proportion is Ma and time to each other to maintain darkness?

A

Inverse proportion

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41
Q

As focal spot increases, what happens to magnification?

A

Nothing

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42
Q

What property does focal spot only effect?

A

Resolution

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43
Q

As pixel size increases, what happens to resolution?

A

Resolution decreases

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44
Q

What kind of contract does contrast media produce?

A

High (short scale)

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45
Q

What percent increase is needed in KVP to double the receptor exposure?

A

15%

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46
Q

What is the purpose of contrast?

A

Make detail better

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47
Q

At what distance would the anode heel effect be noticeable?

A

40in

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48
Q

High contrast is produced by what type of KV?

A

Love KV

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49
Q

Name 2 factors that affect scale of contrast

A

1) KVP
2) fog
3) patient

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50
Q

To increase contrast on a radiographic image, what must be done to KVP?

A

Increase

Decrease in contrast makes image lower

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51
Q

What must the radiographic image posses to have good quality?

A

1) resolution/ sharpness (good detail)

2) contrast
3) receptor exposure

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52
Q

The visibility properties include what?

A

1) contrast

2) receptor exposure

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53
Q

If a radiographic image has too many shades of greys (KVP is too high), what can be done to increase the contrast?

A

Lower the KVP

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54
Q

What is another name for quantum mottle?

A

Noise/ motion

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55
Q

What type of OID gives you the best detail?

A

Short OID/ little OID

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56
Q

If SID is decreased. What happens to receptor exposure?

A

Receptor exposure increases

Tube closer to IR, image is darker/more intense

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57
Q

In the anode heel effect, at which end of the tube is the thicker body section placed?

A

Cathode

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58
Q

What is the purpose of filtration?

A

Absorbs long/low wavelengths

Protects the patient

59
Q

As grid ratio increases, what happens to receptor exposure?

A

Decreases

60
Q

Name 3 opacity factors in patient condition

A

1) compactness of cells
2) cellular composition
3) surrounding structures
4) status of hollow organs

61
Q

What type of patient (hyposthenic or hyoersthenic) will produce a radiographic image with the least amount of contrast?

A

Hypersthenic= more body tissue

62
Q

What does the image look like when you have least amount of contrast?

A

Lots of greys on an image

63
Q

Which of the factors listed below will produce the shortest scale of contrast?

A) 300 Ma 1/30 sec 50KV
B) 100Ma 1/10 sec 60KV
C) 50Ma 1/5 sec 70KV
D) 200Ma 1/20sec 80KV

A

A (we want the lowest KV factor)

64
Q

Which of the above factors will produce an image with the greatest amount of receptor exposure?

A) 300Ma 1/30sec 50KV
B) 100Ma 1/10sec 60KV
C) 50Ma 1/5sec 70KV
D) 200Ma 1/20sec 80KV

A

D

We want high MAS and high KVP

65
Q

What type of focal spot produces the best detail?

A

Small focal spot

66
Q

What is the best method for controlling involuntary motion?

A

Recuse exposure time

67
Q

The difference in the intensity of x-ray transmitted by a particular body part because of its differing absorption characteristics is known as…

A

Subject contrast

68
Q

The ability in an image to demonstrate differences in density is measured by the ratio of one density as compared to another is known as…

A

Scale of contrast

69
Q

The visible difference between adjacent densities demonstrated on the radiographic image that results from the patient is known as…

A

Subject contrast

70
Q

A radiographic image that indicates short, abrupt change from the minimum to maximum density on an image is it to possess what contrast?

A

High (short scale)

71
Q

The blackness on the film is called?

A

Density or receptor exposure

72
Q

2 major controlling factors of density are ….

A

Time and Ma

ma=current flow

73
Q

How can grids affect film density?

A

Grid ratio increases, receptor exposure (density) decreases

74
Q

How does kilovoltage (Kv) affect film density?

A

KVP increases, density increases

75
Q

An increase of kilovoltage (Kv) by what percent, can double the exposure to the film?

A

15%

76
Q

What is defined as the different in densities between 2 or more densities on a radiograph Ir the difference in density of 2 adjacent structures?

A

Contrast

77
Q

What is the penetrating ability of x-ray photons controlled by?

A

Kilovoltage

78
Q

Short wavelengths provide what type of penetration? (High or low)

A

High

79
Q

Long wavelengths produce what kind of penetration? (High or low)

A

Low

80
Q

Short scale contrast is obtained by using a (higher) (lower) kilovoltage?

A

Lower

81
Q

A radiographic that has few shades of grey with mostly blacks and white is referred to as what scale of contrast and what degree of contrast in adjacent structures?

A

Short scale of contrast

High degree of contrast

82
Q

Using a (high) (low) range of kilovoltage more areas are not penetrated resulting in white or clear areas on the radiograph

A

Low range

83
Q

If areas of the object have not been penetrated and no radiation gets to the film, contrast is not present

True or false

A

True

84
Q

High degree of contrast and high contrast means short scale of contrast

True or false

A

True

85
Q

Kilovoltage controls contrast

Yes or no

A

Yes

86
Q

Kilovoltage controls penetration

Yes or no

A

Yes

87
Q

Kilovoltage controls radiographic contrast

Yes or no

A

Yes

88
Q

The function of contrast is to make detail visible

Yes or no

A

Yes

89
Q

To change the scale of contrast, kilovoltage must be decreases

Yes or no

A

Yes

90
Q

Low KVP produces what contrast?

A

High contrast produced

91
Q

To increase the scale of contrast, kilovoltage must be increased

Yes or no

A

Yes

92
Q

Is short scale contrast

A) higher kilovoltage
B) lower kilovoltage

A

B lower

93
Q

Long scale contrast

A) higher kilovoltage
B) lower kilovoltage

A

A higher

94
Q

Low contrast

A) higher kilovoltage
B) lower kilovoltage

A

A higher

95
Q

Low degree contrast

A) higher kilovoltage
B) lower kilovoltage

A

A higher

96
Q

High degree of contrast

A) higher kilovoltage
B) lower kilovoltage

A

B lower

97
Q

High contrast

A) higher kilovoltage
B) lower kilovoltage

A

B lower

98
Q

“Too much contrast”

A) higher kilovoltage
B) lower kilovoltage

A

B lower

99
Q

To increase contrast on a radiograph you should (increase) (decrease) the kilovoltage?

A

Decrease

100
Q

To lengthen the scale of contrast, the kilovoltage must be (increases) (decreases)

A

Increase

101
Q

A film with many shades of great is said to have (long) (short) scale of contrast?

A

Long

102
Q

A film with mostly black and white areas and few shades of geeaybis said to have a (long) (short) scale of contrast?

A

Short

103
Q

The factor that controls contrast is?

A

KV

104
Q

You can have underexposure and overexposure on the same radiograph with a very short scale of contrast

True or false

A

True

105
Q

The part must be penetrated to have contrast

True or false

A

True

106
Q

Another term employed to describe size distortion is?

A

Magnification

107
Q

What are 2 influences contributing to size distortion?

A

SID

OID

108
Q

Shape distortion can be used to an advantage at times. List 2 purposes of shape distortion when used in this manner.

A

1) to avoid superimposition

2) demonstrate anatomy

109
Q

Magnification increases with increasing what?

A

OID (object source distance)

110
Q

A foreshortened image can result from what?

A

From an inclined object

111
Q

Which of the following does NOT contribute to image distortion?

a. Kvp
b. Object size
c. Object shape
d. Object position

A

A. Kvp

112
Q

An average visual acuity is represented by the ability to distinguish how many line pairs per millimeter? (LP/mm)

A

10

113
Q

The most determined factor contributing to image in harp was is?

A

Motion

114
Q

How does quantum mottle affect the quality of the radiographic image?

A

Not enough photons will reach the IR to create an image, or the image will turn out spotty

115
Q

What is it meant by image resolution? How is it identified and measured?

A

How clear an image is after the exposure was taken

Measures # of structural lines

116
Q

The greatest amount of geometric on sharpness is usually attributed to which factor?

A

OID

117
Q

When u decrease image distance, resolution increases or decreases?

A

Decreases

118
Q

When SID increases, recorded detail increases or decreases?

A

Increases

119
Q

As unsharpness decreases, sharpness increases or decreases?

A

Increases

120
Q

As focal spot size decreases, spatial resolution increases or decreases?

A

Increases

121
Q

As OID decreases, recorded detail increases or decreases?

A

Increases

122
Q

As motion increases, unharness increases or decreases?

A

Increases

123
Q

As MAS decreases, sharpness increases or decreases?

A

Stays the same it doesn’t effect resolution

124
Q

As OID increases, resolution increases or decreases?

A

Decreases

125
Q

The exposure factor related to the quantity of an x-ray exposure is:

A

Milliamperage

126
Q

At a 40in SID, you would probably see the anode heel effect of you were using what size image receptor?

A

14 X 17

127
Q

If a body part is 17in long and thickness and opacity are uniform throughout, what effects, if any, would this have on the image?

A

The image will appear darker at the cathode end

128
Q

Describe the purpose of compensating filters in radiography

A

Evens out the densities throughout an image

129
Q

What does MA measure?

A

Measurement of quantity of current traveling through tube from cathode (-) to anode (+)

130
Q

What is the main factor of density?

A

mAs

131
Q

When you have an orthopedic cast, do u need more or less mAs ?

A

More

132
Q

Long wavelengths have what kind of frequency, what type of energy, and what kind of KV?

A

Have low frequency
Low energy
Low kv

133
Q

Short wavelengths have what frequency, what energy, and what kv?

A

High frequency
High energy
High kv

134
Q

When you have a high contrast image, what color(s) will the image portray?

A

Black and white

135
Q

Low contrast has what color(s) portrayed on the image?

A

Scales of greys

136
Q

As KVP decreases, what happens to contrast?

A

Increase contrast

137
Q

What is the minimum filtration for 50-70 KVP?

A

1.5mm

138
Q

What is the minimum filtration for under 50 KVP?

A

.5mm

139
Q

What is the minimum filtration for over 70 KVP?

A

2.5mm

140
Q

What type of filter does not safe Patient dose of exposure?

A

Compensating filters

141
Q

What does compensating filters look like on an image or what does a demonstrate?

A

Greys in image

142
Q

What is the formula for dry casts

A

You double the mAs

143
Q

What is the formula for wet casts?

A

Double the mAs and add 10%

Radiology Sem 2 (4 decks)

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