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Radiology Sem 2 > Positioning Test #1 > Flashcards

Positioning Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which bones form the knee joint?

A

Tibia and femur

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2
Q

In an AP knee, how many degrees is the tube angles for a hyoersthenic patient?

A

3-5 cephalic

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3
Q

What is the position of the femoral epicondyles in an AP knee projection?

A

Parallel

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4
Q

Which projection of the knee is BEST demonstrate the proximal tibiofibular joint space?

A

Medial

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5
Q

Where is the central ray location for a lateral oblique projection of the knee?

A

1/2in below patellar apex

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6
Q

Where is the central ray location for a lateral projection of the knee?

A

1in distal to medial epicondyle

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7
Q

How many degrees is the leg rotated in an AP lateral oblique projection of the knee?

A

45 degrees

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8
Q

Which projection of the knee BEST demonstrates arthritic changes?

A

AP weightbearing

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9
Q

Which tunnel projection utilizes a 70 degree flexion of the knee?

A

PA homblad

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10
Q

Which projection of the intercondyloid fossa utilizes a 60 degree flexion of the knee?

A

Beclere

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11
Q

Where is the intercondyloid eminences located?

A

Proximal tibia, on tibial plateau

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12
Q

In the PA Axial (camp Coventry method) how many degrees and in which direction is the central ray directed?

A

45-50 degrees caudad

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13
Q

Which projection of the patella BEST demonstrates vertical fractures?

A

Sunrise, settegast, tangential

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14
Q

In the Hughston method for the patella, how many degrees and in which direction is the central ray angled?

A

45 degrees cephalic

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15
Q

In an AP femur, how many degrees is the foot inverted to place the femoral neck in profile?

A

10-15 degrees

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16
Q

In an AP femur to include the knee joint, where is the bottom of the image receptor placed?

A

2in below the patellar apex

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17
Q

What is the position of the femoral epicondyles in the lateral femur?

A

Perpendicular

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18
Q

I’m the lateral femur to include the hip joint, where is the top of the IR placed?

A

Level of ASIS

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19
Q

What 3 bones form the acetabulum?

A

1) Ilium
2) ischium
3) pubic bone

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20
Q

Which projection of the pelvis demonstrates the greater trochanter in profile?

A

AP

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21
Q

In the AP pelvis, where is the top of the IR placed?

A

1-1 1/2in above the crest

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22
Q

Which projection of the hip should NEVER be attempted on the patient with a hip fracture?

A

Lauestein method “frog leg”

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23
Q

In a lateral femur to include the hip joint, where is the top of the IR placed?

A

Level of ASIS

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24
Q

Where is the central ray location for an AP pelvis?

A

2in superior of pubic symphysis

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25
Q

How many degrees is the knee angled for a PA axial, camp Coventry method?

A

40 degrees

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26
Q

How many degrees is the tube and for for a PA axial homblad method?

A

70 degrees

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27
Q

Where is the central ray for the PA axial homblad method?

A

Entering superior aspect of the popliteal fossa exiting at the level of the patellar apex

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28
Q

1) What is the central ray for the PA axial camp Coventry method?
2) Tube angle?

A

1) Perpendicular to the long axis of the lower leg, entering the popliteal fossa.
2) angled 40 degrees caudad

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29
Q

What is the central ray for the AP axial Beclere method?

A

Perpendicular to the long axis of the lower leg entering the knee joint 1/2 in below patellar apex

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30
Q

How much is the knee flexed for the AP axial beclere method?

A

60 degrees

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31
Q

Where is the central ray for the AP axial beclere method?

A

Perpendicular to the long axis of lower leg entering knee joint 1/2 in

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32
Q

In the pelvis AP axial “outlet” (Taylor method) what is the central ray for males? Centered where?

A

20-35 degrees cephalad centered 2in to pubic symphysis

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33
Q

For the AP axial “outlet” (Taylor method), what is the central ray for women? Where is it centered?

A

30-45 degrees cephalad, centered 2in distal to pubic symphysis

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34
Q

What is another name for the pelis AP axial “outlet” projection?

A

Taylor method

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35
Q

What is the other name for the pelvis superoinferior axial “inlet” projection?

A

Bridgeman method

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36
Q

Where is the central ray for the superoinferior axial “inlet” projection?

A

40 degrees caudad entering at ASIS

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37
Q

Which hip views demonstrate the greater trochanter?

A

AP

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38
Q

Which hip projections demonstrate the lesser trochanter?

A

Lateral (mediolateral) (lauenstein & hickey method) (frog leg)

Axiolateral (danelius-Miller)

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39
Q

What is the central ray for the hip projection lateral (mediolateral) lauenstein method?

A

Perpendicular through hip joint

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40
Q

What is the central ray for the hip projection lateral (mediolateral) hickey method?

A

20-25 cephalic

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41
Q

Where is the central ray for the hip projection axiolateral (danelius-Miller) ?

A

Perpendicular and shoots through the long axis of the femoral neck!!

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42
Q

For the axiolateral danelius-Miller method, how many degrees do u rotate the leg and which way?

A

15-20 degrees internally

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43
Q

What is another name for the hip projection, modified axiolateral?

A

Clements-nakayama

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44
Q

Where is the central ray for the hip projection, modified axiolateral (clements-nakayama)

A

25 degrees POSTERIORLY, perpendicular to femoral neck

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45
Q

Why do we perform the modified axiolateral, clements-nakayama view on patients?

A

They have fractures in both hips

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46
Q

Which projection of the hip demonstrates an axiolateral when the patient has bilateral hip fractures?

A

Clements-nakayama

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47
Q

In an unilateral frogleg position, how many degrees is the femur abducted?

A

45 degrees

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48
Q

In the AP axial outlet projection, how many degrees and in which direction is the central ray angled for females?

A

30-45 degrees cephalad

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49
Q

Which 2 landmarks are utilized in localization of the hip joint?

A

ASIS and pubic symphysis

50
Q

Which projection of the hip will best demonstrate the lesser trochanter?

A

AP oblique, lauenstein “frog leg”

51
Q

In the axiolateral (danelius Miller) projection where is the central ray located?

A

Perpendicular to femoral neck

52
Q

In the axiolateral (clements nakayama) projection l, how many degrees is the tube angled?

A

15 degrees posterior

53
Q

In the AP oblique, (judet method), how many degrees is the patient rotated?

A

45 degrees

54
Q

Which view of the hip can be utilized when the leg cannot be raised for a cross table lateral?

A

Clements nakayama

55
Q

And a lateral femur to include the hip joint where is the top of the image receptor place?

A

Level of ASIS

56
Q

Where is this such a ray location for the AP pelvis?

A

2in superior of pubic symphysis

57
Q

Which projection of the knee best demonstrates the femorotibial joint space open if the patient measures more than 10in between the ASIS and the tabletop?

A

AP projection with the central ray angled 3 to 5 degrees cephalad

58
Q

For the lateral projection of the knee, how many degrees should the knee be flexed?

A

20-30 degrees

59
Q

How many degrees of angular ion should be performed between the femur and the radiographic table for the PA axial projection (Homblad method) of the knee?

A

79 degrees

60
Q

Which of the following projections of the knee best demonstrates the intercondylar fossa?

1) AP projection
2) lateral projection
3) PA axial projection (homblad)

A

PA axial projection (homeblad)

61
Q

How many degrees and in what direction should the central ray be directed for the lateral projection of the knee?

A

5-7 degrees cephalic

62
Q

Which structure of the knee is best demonstrates with the tangential projection?

A

Patella

63
Q

Which structure of the knee is best demonstrates with the PA axial projection ( homblad method)?

A

Femoral intercondylar fossa

64
Q

Which projection of the knee best demonstrates the proximal tibiofibular articulation without bony superimposition?

A

AP oblique projection (medial rotation)

65
Q

Which projection of the knee best demonstrates the femoropatellar space open?

A

Lateral projection

66
Q

What indicates that the knees are properly in position for a lateral projection?

A

Femoral condyles are superimposed

67
Q

What should be done to prevent the need joint space from being obscured by the magnified shadow of the medial femoral condyle when the lateral projection of the knee is performed?

A

Direct the central ray 5-7 degrees cephalad

68
Q

Where should the patella be demonstrated on the image of the AP oblique projection of the knee with medial rotation?

A

Over the medial condyle of the femur

69
Q

Where should the patella be demonstrated on the image of the AP oblique projection of the knee with lateral rotation?

A

Over the lateral femoral condyle

70
Q

How should the central ray be directed for the bilateral weight bearing AP projection of the knees?

A

Perpendicular

71
Q

Which projection of the knee can be accomplished with the patient upright, the affected knee flexed and it’s interior service in contact with a vertically placed IR and the horizontally directed central ray entering the posterior aspect of the knee?

A

PA axial projection ( homblad method) (70degrees)

72
Q

Which projection factor determines the number of degrees the central ray should be angledbfir the tangential projection (settegast method) to demo the patella?

A

Degree of the knee flexion

73
Q

How should the central ray be directed for the AP projection of the femur?

A

Perpendicular

74
Q

Which positioning maneuver should be performed to place the femoral neck in profile for the AP projection of the proximal femur?

A

Rotate lower limb medically 10-15 degrees

75
Q

Which positioning maneuver should be performed to prevent the femoral neck from appearing foreshortened in the AP projection of the proximal femur?

A

Rotate the lower limb medically 10-15 degrees

76
Q

For the AP projection of the femur on typical adults, what should be done to ensure that both joints of the femur are demonstrated?

A

Perform a second exposure

77
Q

For which limb projection should the lower limb be roatayed medically 10-15 degrees?

A

AP projection of proximal femur

78
Q

For which lower limb projection should the pelvis be rotated 10-15 degrees from true lateral?

A

Lateral projection of proximal femur

79
Q

For the lateral projection of the femur, how should the pelvis be positioned to demonstrate only the knee joint with the distal femoral shaft?

A

True lateral

80
Q

What part of the hip bone forms the broad curved portion called the ala?

A

Ileum

81
Q

Which bone or a portion of the hipbone extends inferiorly from the acetabulum and joins with the inferior ramus of the pubic bone?

A

Ischium

82
Q

Which bone or portion of the hip bone consists of a body and 2 rami?

A

Pubis

83
Q

What to permanent structures found on the ileum are frequently used as radiographic positioning reference points?

A

Iliac crest and anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

84
Q

Which bones form the pelvis?

A

Two hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx

85
Q

What bones of the hip bone form the obturator foramen?

A

Ischium and pubis

86
Q

What structures form the posterior part of the pelvis?

A

Sacrum and coccyx

87
Q

Name the two parts the pelvis is divided into by the brim of the pelvis

A

Greater and lesser pelvis

88
Q

What is the region between the inlet and the outlet of the true pelvis?

A

Pelvic cavity

89
Q

In a typical adult and which direction (anterior or posterior) does the for moral neck project away from the long axis of the femur?

A

Anteriorly

90
Q

How should the central ray be directed for the lauenstein method for a lateral hip?

A

Perpendicular

91
Q

How should the central ray be directed for the hickey method of a lateral hip projection?

A

Caudally, 20-25 degrees

92
Q

True or false:

And initial radiographic study of a fractured hip may include an AP projection of the pelvic girdle and proximal femora to demonstrate bilateral hip joints

A

True

93
Q

For the AP oblique (judet method) is the internal oblique an LPO or RAO?

A

LPO

94
Q

For the AP oblique (judet method) is this an LPO or RAO for the external oblique

A

RAO

95
Q

What is demonstrated for the AP oblique (judet method) internal oblique?

A

Demonstrates the posterior rim of acetabulum

96
Q

What is demonstrated for the AP oblique (judet method), external oblique?

A

Demonstrates the anterior rim of acetabulum

97
Q

Which structure of the pelvis articulates with the femur?

A

Acetabulum

98
Q

Which bones of the pelvis compose the acetabulum?

A

Pubis, ischium, ilium

99
Q

On which bone is the ala located?

A

Ilium

100
Q

What pelvic structures is not used as a positioning palpating point?

A

Ischial spine

101
Q

For which portion of the hip bone joint form the obturator foramen?

A

Pubis and ischium

102
Q

What is the name of the border that extends in the hip bone from the posterior iliac spine to the ASIS?

A

Iliac crest

103
Q

What is the name of the process that separates the greater sciatic notch from the lesser sciatic notch on the hip bone?

A

Ischial spine

104
Q

Which part of the hip bones support the Weight of the body when a person is in the sitting position?

A

Ischial tuberosities

105
Q

Where in the pelvis is the body of the pubis located?

A

Forms part of the acetabulum

106
Q

In an average sized patients, where should the IR be centered for the AP projection of the pelvis?

A

About 2in inferior to ASIS and 2in superior to pubic symphysis

107
Q

Which positioning maneuver should be performed to place the femoral necks parallel with the IR for an AP projection of pelvis?

A

Rotate the lower limbs medially 15-20 degrees

108
Q

How should the central ray be directed for the AP oblique projection (modified cleaves method) to demonstrate bilateral hips?

A

Perpendicular

109
Q

For which projection of the lower limbs or pelvis should the hips be flexed and the femora be abducted from the midline of the patient?

A

AP oblique projection( modified cleaves method) for femoral necks

110
Q

Where on the midline of the patient should the central ray be directed for the AP oblique projection (modified cleaves method)?

A

1in abiogenesis pubic symphysis

111
Q

With a patient with a suspected intertrochanter fracture, what projection should not be used?

A

Lateral projection (lauenstein; frog leg) of the hip

112
Q

For the AP oblique projection (modified cleaves method) what is the purpose of abducting the femora the required number of degrees?

A

To position the femoral necks parallel with the IR

113
Q

Which structure should be centered to the midline of the table when the AP oblique projection (modified cleaves method) is adapted to demonstrate only one hip?

A

ASIS

114
Q

For which projection of an individual hip should the unaffected hip be flexed and the thigh be raised out of the way of the central ray?

A

Axiolateral projection (Danielius-Miller method)

115
Q

What is the proper central ray orientation for the AP axial projection (Taylor method) for female patients?

A

30-45 degrees cephalad

116
Q

What is best demonstrates to get the pubic and ischial rami without foreshortening?

A

AP axial “outlet” projection (Taylor method)

117
Q

Which specific portion of the acetabulum is demonstrated by the AP oblique projection, external oblique position (judet method)?

A

Anterior rim

118
Q

What should best be demonstrated to see the posterior rim of the left acetabulum?

A

45 degrees RPO

119
Q

Which projection best demonstrates suspected fractures of the acetabulum?

A

AP oblique projection (judet method)

120
Q

For which projection of the hip should the central ray be directed horizontally into the medial aspect of the affected thigh?

A

Axiolateral projection (Danielle’s Miller method)

Radiology Sem 2 (4 decks)

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