Positioning Test #1 Flashcards
1
Q
Which bones form the knee joint?
A
Tibia and femur
2
Q
In an AP knee, how many degrees is the tube angles for a hyoersthenic patient?
A
3-5 cephalic
3
Q
What is the position of the femoral epicondyles in an AP knee projection?
A
Parallel
4
Q
Which projection of the knee is BEST demonstrate the proximal tibiofibular joint space?
A
Medial
5
Q
Where is the central ray location for a lateral oblique projection of the knee?
A
1/2in below patellar apex
6
Q
Where is the central ray location for a lateral projection of the knee?
A
1in distal to medial epicondyle
7
Q
How many degrees is the leg rotated in an AP lateral oblique projection of the knee?
A
45 degrees
8
Q
Which projection of the knee BEST demonstrates arthritic changes?
A
AP weightbearing
9
Q
Which tunnel projection utilizes a 70 degree flexion of the knee?
A
PA homblad
10
Q
Which projection of the intercondyloid fossa utilizes a 60 degree flexion of the knee?
A
Beclere
11
Q
Where is the intercondyloid eminences located?
A
Proximal tibia, on tibial plateau
12
Q
In the PA Axial (camp Coventry method) how many degrees and in which direction is the central ray directed?
A
45-50 degrees caudad
13
Q
Which projection of the patella BEST demonstrates vertical fractures?
A
Sunrise, settegast, tangential
14
Q
In the Hughston method for the patella, how many degrees and in which direction is the central ray angled?
A
45 degrees cephalic
15
Q
In an AP femur, how many degrees is the foot inverted to place the femoral neck in profile?
A
10-15 degrees
16
Q
In an AP femur to include the knee joint, where is the bottom of the image receptor placed?
A
2in below the patellar apex
17
Q
What is the position of the femoral epicondyles in the lateral femur?
A
Perpendicular
18
Q
I’m the lateral femur to include the hip joint, where is the top of the IR placed?
A
Level of ASIS
19
Q
What 3 bones form the acetabulum?
A
1) Ilium
2) ischium
3) pubic bone
20
Q
Which projection of the pelvis demonstrates the greater trochanter in profile?
A
AP
21
Q
In the AP pelvis, where is the top of the IR placed?
A
1-1 1/2in above the crest
22
Q
Which projection of the hip should NEVER be attempted on the patient with a hip fracture?
A
Lauestein method “frog leg”
23
Q
In a lateral femur to include the hip joint, where is the top of the IR placed?
A
Level of ASIS
24
Q
Where is the central ray location for an AP pelvis?
A
2in superior of pubic symphysis
25
How many degrees is the knee angled for a PA axial, camp Coventry method?
40 degrees
26
How many degrees is the tube and for for a PA axial homblad method?
70 degrees
27
Where is the central ray for the PA axial homblad method?
Entering superior aspect of the popliteal fossa exiting at the level of the patellar apex
28
1) What is the central ray for the PA axial camp Coventry method?
2) Tube angle?
1) Perpendicular to the long axis of the lower leg, entering the popliteal fossa.
2) angled 40 degrees caudad
29
What is the central ray for the AP axial Beclere method?
Perpendicular to the long axis of the lower leg entering the knee joint 1/2 in below patellar apex
30
How much is the knee flexed for the AP axial beclere method?
60 degrees
31
Where is the central ray for the AP axial beclere method?
Perpendicular to the long axis of lower leg entering knee joint 1/2 in
32
In the pelvis AP axial “outlet” (Taylor method) what is the central ray for males? Centered where?
20-35 degrees cephalad centered 2in to pubic symphysis
33
For the AP axial “outlet” (Taylor method), what is the central ray for women? Where is it centered?
30-45 degrees cephalad, centered 2in distal to pubic symphysis
34
What is another name for the pelis AP axial “outlet” projection?
Taylor method
35
What is the other name for the pelvis superoinferior axial “inlet” projection?
Bridgeman method
36
Where is the central ray for the superoinferior axial “inlet” projection?
40 degrees caudad entering at ASIS
37
Which hip views demonstrate the greater trochanter?
AP
38
Which hip projections demonstrate the lesser trochanter?
Lateral (mediolateral) (lauenstein & hickey method) (frog leg)
Axiolateral (danelius-Miller)
39
What is the central ray for the hip projection lateral (mediolateral) lauenstein method?
Perpendicular through hip joint
40
What is the central ray for the hip projection lateral (mediolateral) hickey method?
20-25 cephalic
41
Where is the central ray for the hip projection axiolateral (danelius-Miller) ?
Perpendicular and shoots through the long axis of the femoral neck!!
42
For the axiolateral danelius-Miller method, how many degrees do u rotate the leg and which way?
15-20 degrees internally
43
What is another name for the hip projection, modified axiolateral?
Clements-nakayama
44
Where is the central ray for the hip projection, modified axiolateral (clements-nakayama)
25 degrees POSTERIORLY, perpendicular to femoral neck
45
Why do we perform the modified axiolateral, clements-nakayama view on patients?
They have fractures in both hips
46
Which projection of the hip demonstrates an axiolateral when the patient has bilateral hip fractures?
Clements-nakayama
47
In an unilateral frogleg position, how many degrees is the femur abducted?
45 degrees
48
In the AP axial outlet projection, how many degrees and in which direction is the central ray angled for females?
30-45 degrees cephalad
49
Which 2 landmarks are utilized in localization of the hip joint?
ASIS and pubic symphysis
50
Which projection of the hip will best demonstrate the lesser trochanter?
AP oblique, lauenstein “frog leg”
51
In the axiolateral (danelius Miller) projection where is the central ray located?
Perpendicular to femoral neck
52
In the axiolateral (clements nakayama) projection l, how many degrees is the tube angled?
15 degrees posterior
53
In the AP oblique, (judet method), how many degrees is the patient rotated?
45 degrees
54
Which view of the hip can be utilized when the leg cannot be raised for a cross table lateral?
Clements nakayama
55
And a lateral femur to include the hip joint where is the top of the image receptor place?
Level of ASIS
56
Where is this such a ray location for the AP pelvis?
2in superior of pubic symphysis
57
Which projection of the knee best demonstrates the femorotibial joint space open if the patient measures more than 10in between the ASIS and the tabletop?
AP projection with the central ray angled 3 to 5 degrees cephalad
58
For the lateral projection of the knee, how many degrees should the knee be flexed?
20-30 degrees
59
How many degrees of angular ion should be performed between the femur and the radiographic table for the PA axial projection (Homblad method) of the knee?
79 degrees
60
Which of the following projections of the knee best demonstrates the intercondylar fossa?
1) AP projection
2) lateral projection
3) PA axial projection (homblad)
PA axial projection (homeblad)
61
How many degrees and in what direction should the central ray be directed for the lateral projection of the knee?
5-7 degrees cephalic
62
Which structure of the knee is best demonstrates with the tangential projection?
Patella
63
Which structure of the knee is best demonstrates with the PA axial projection ( homblad method)?
Femoral intercondylar fossa
64
Which projection of the knee best demonstrates the proximal tibiofibular articulation without bony superimposition?
AP oblique projection (medial rotation)
65
Which projection of the knee best demonstrates the femoropatellar space open?
Lateral projection
66
What indicates that the knees are properly in position for a lateral projection?
Femoral condyles are superimposed
67
What should be done to prevent the need joint space from being obscured by the magnified shadow of the medial femoral condyle when the lateral projection of the knee is performed?
Direct the central ray 5-7 degrees cephalad
68
Where should the patella be demonstrated on the image of the AP oblique projection of the knee with medial rotation?
Over the medial condyle of the femur
69
Where should the patella be demonstrated on the image of the AP oblique projection of the knee with lateral rotation?
Over the lateral femoral condyle
70
How should the central ray be directed for the bilateral weight bearing AP projection of the knees?
Perpendicular
71
Which projection of the knee can be accomplished with the patient upright, the affected knee flexed and it’s interior service in contact with a vertically placed IR and the horizontally directed central ray entering the posterior aspect of the knee?
PA axial projection ( homblad method) (70degrees)
72
Which projection factor determines the number of degrees the central ray should be angledbfir the tangential projection (settegast method) to demo the patella?
Degree of the knee flexion
73
How should the central ray be directed for the AP projection of the femur?
Perpendicular
74
Which positioning maneuver should be performed to place the femoral neck in profile for the AP projection of the proximal femur?
Rotate lower limb medically 10-15 degrees
75
Which positioning maneuver should be performed to prevent the femoral neck from appearing foreshortened in the AP projection of the proximal femur?
Rotate the lower limb medically 10-15 degrees
76
For the AP projection of the femur on typical adults, what should be done to ensure that both joints of the femur are demonstrated?
Perform a second exposure
77
For which limb projection should the lower limb be roatayed medically 10-15 degrees?
AP projection of proximal femur
78
For which lower limb projection should the pelvis be rotated 10-15 degrees from true lateral?
Lateral projection of proximal femur
79
For the lateral projection of the femur, how should the pelvis be positioned to demonstrate only the knee joint with the distal femoral shaft?
True lateral
80
What part of the hip bone forms the broad curved portion called the ala?
Ileum
81
Which bone or a portion of the hipbone extends inferiorly from the acetabulum and joins with the inferior ramus of the pubic bone?
Ischium
82
Which bone or portion of the hip bone consists of a body and 2 rami?
Pubis
83
What to permanent structures found on the ileum are frequently used as radiographic positioning reference points?
Iliac crest and anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
84
Which bones form the pelvis?
Two hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx
85
What bones of the hip bone form the obturator foramen?
Ischium and pubis
86
What structures form the posterior part of the pelvis?
Sacrum and coccyx
87
Name the two parts the pelvis is divided into by the brim of the pelvis
Greater and lesser pelvis
88
What is the region between the inlet and the outlet of the true pelvis?
Pelvic cavity
89
In a typical adult and which direction (anterior or posterior) does the for moral neck project away from the long axis of the femur?
Anteriorly
90
How should the central ray be directed for the lauenstein method for a lateral hip?
Perpendicular
91
How should the central ray be directed for the hickey method of a lateral hip projection?
Caudally, 20-25 degrees
92
True or false:
And initial radiographic study of a fractured hip may include an AP projection of the pelvic girdle and proximal femora to demonstrate bilateral hip joints
True
93
For the AP oblique (judet method) is the internal oblique an LPO or RAO?
LPO
94
For the AP oblique (judet method) is this an LPO or RAO for the external oblique
RAO
95
What is demonstrated for the AP oblique (judet method) internal oblique?
Demonstrates the posterior rim of acetabulum
96
What is demonstrated for the AP oblique (judet method), external oblique?
Demonstrates the anterior rim of acetabulum
97
Which structure of the pelvis articulates with the femur?
Acetabulum
98
Which bones of the pelvis compose the acetabulum?
Pubis, ischium, ilium
99
On which bone is the ala located?
Ilium
100
What pelvic structures is not used as a positioning palpating point?
Ischial spine
101
For which portion of the hip bone joint form the obturator foramen?
Pubis and ischium
102
What is the name of the border that extends in the hip bone from the posterior iliac spine to the ASIS?
Iliac crest
103
What is the name of the process that separates the greater sciatic notch from the lesser sciatic notch on the hip bone?
Ischial spine
104
Which part of the hip bones support the Weight of the body when a person is in the sitting position?
Ischial tuberosities
105
Where in the pelvis is the body of the pubis located?
Forms part of the acetabulum
106
In an average sized patients, where should the IR be centered for the AP projection of the pelvis?
About 2in inferior to ASIS and 2in superior to pubic symphysis
107
Which positioning maneuver should be performed to place the femoral necks parallel with the IR for an AP projection of pelvis?
Rotate the lower limbs medially 15-20 degrees
108
How should the central ray be directed for the AP oblique projection (modified cleaves method) to demonstrate bilateral hips?
Perpendicular
109
For which projection of the lower limbs or pelvis should the hips be flexed and the femora be abducted from the midline of the patient?
AP oblique projection( modified cleaves method) for femoral necks
110
Where on the midline of the patient should the central ray be directed for the AP oblique projection (modified cleaves method)?
1in abiogenesis pubic symphysis
111
With a patient with a suspected intertrochanter fracture, what projection should not be used?
Lateral projection (lauenstein; frog leg) of the hip
112
For the AP oblique projection (modified cleaves method) what is the purpose of abducting the femora the required number of degrees?
To position the femoral necks parallel with the IR
113
Which structure should be centered to the midline of the table when the AP oblique projection (modified cleaves method) is adapted to demonstrate only one hip?
ASIS
114
For which projection of an individual hip should the unaffected hip be flexed and the thigh be raised out of the way of the central ray?
Axiolateral projection (Danielius-Miller method)
115
What is the proper central ray orientation for the AP axial projection (Taylor method) for female patients?
30-45 degrees cephalad
116
What is best demonstrates to get the pubic and ischial rami without foreshortening?
AP axial “outlet” projection (Taylor method)
117
Which specific portion of the acetabulum is demonstrated by the AP oblique projection, external oblique position (judet method)?
Anterior rim
118
What should best be demonstrated to see the posterior rim of the left acetabulum?
45 degrees RPO
119
Which projection best demonstrates suspected fractures of the acetabulum?
AP oblique projection (judet method)
120
For which projection of the hip should the central ray be directed horizontally into the medial aspect of the affected thigh?
Axiolateral projection (Danielle’s Miller method)
