Rad Physics Review Flashcards
Density
film’s overall darkness
primarily controlled by mAs
increased density = too dark
decreased density = too light
What is ‘overall darkness’ called?
Density
What controls Density?
mAs
What is the 50% mAs reciprocal rule?
double mAs to make film darker, cut mAs in half to make film lighter
Increased Density makes film
too dark / darker
Decreased Density makes film
too light / lighter
Factors Affecting Film Density
Patient Size: the larger the patient the more mAs is needed due to the increase in tissue thickness
SID/FFD: an increase in distance results in a decrease in density (rule of 3)
40” to 72” need to multiply mAs by 3
72” to 40” need to divide mAs by 3
kVp: an increase in kVp results in an increase in density (because when increasing kVp more scatter is produced which shows up on a radiograph as shades of gray and each shade of gray contributes to a level of darkness thus directly effecting the amount of darkness on a film (density)
kVp 15% rule or Rule of 10: increase kVp by 10 increases film density, decrease kVp by 10 decreases film density
Screens: 200 speed screens - crystals are smaller thus requiring more mAs to make them fluoresce. 400 speed screens - crystals are larger so not as much mAs is needed to make them fluoresce.
Grids: used to clean up scatter. When using a grid the mAs needs to be increased because the grid takes away levels of scatter (grays) thus taking away some color which results in taking away darkness so more mAs is needed to compensate. (Increasing the kVp will only increase scatter production which is what we are trying to get rid of.)
Developing: too much developer = increased density, too much time in developer = increased density
Filtration: used to even out radiographic density. When xraying a part that has two different thicknesses a filter is used cover the thin part to keep it from burning out. If used incorrectly it will reduce radiographic density on that thick part and cause the thin part to burn out.
Patient Size:
Density
the larger the patient the more mAs is needed due to the increase in tissue thickness
SID/FFD:
Density
an increase in distance results in a decrease in density (rule of 3)
40” to 72” need to multiply mAs by 3
72” to 40” need to divide mAs by 3
kVp:
Density
an increase in kVp results in an increase in density (because when increasing kVp more scatter is produced which shows up on a radiograph as shades of gray and each shade of gray contributes to a level of darkness thus directly effecting the amount of darkness on a film (density)
kVp 15% rule or Rule of 10:
Density
increase kVp by 10 increases film density, decrease kVp by 10 decreases film density
200 speed screens
Density
crystals are smaller thus requiring more mAs to make them fluoresce.
400 speed screens
Density
crystals are larger so not as much mAs is needed to make them fluoresce.
Grids:
Density
used to clean up scatter. When using a grid the mAs needs to be increased because the grid takes away levels of scatter (grays) thus taking away some color which results in taking away darkness so more mAs is needed to compensate. (Increasing the kVp will only increase scatter production which is what we are trying to get rid of.)
Developing:
Density
too much developer = increased density, too much time in developer = increased density