Rad 2 Flashcards
artifact
blemish or unindetended radiographic image that is not present in the actual structure
confidentiality
keeping personal information private about the patient
disclosure
process of informing patients
image receptor
recording medium for an image
informed consent
permission granted by a patient after being informed about the risks, benefits and alternatives of a procedure
liability
accountability or legal responsibility
malpractice
failure to provide a proper or reasonable level of care
PSP plates
reusable plates coated with phosphor as an image receptor
positioning device
intraoral devices used to position and hold the film, sensor, or PSP
quality assuracne
plan used to ensure quality in dental xray equipment, supplies and film processing
risk management
policies and procedures that will reduce the chance of malpractice lawsuit being brought against the dentist
standard of care
level of knowledge, skill and care comparable with that of other dentists who are treating similar patients under similar conditions
step wedge
device constructed of layers of aluminum steps to demonstrate film densities and contrasts
view box
illuminated boxlike device used to view radiographs
angulation
alignment of central ray of xray beam
bisecting technique
technique of exposing dental images where the xray beam is directed perpendicular to an imaginary line
bite wing
type of image used for interproximal examination
central ray
xray at the center of the beam
contact area
area of the mesial or distal of surfaces of tooth that touches an adjacent tooth in the same arch
crestal bone
coronal portion of alveolar bone found between teeth
diagnostic quality
refers to images with the proper structures and necessary density, contrast, definitions and detail for diagnostic purposes
interproximal
between two adjacent surfaces
intersecting
cutting across or through
long axis of tooth
imaginary line dividing the tooth vertically and into two equal halves
occlusal technique
used to examine large areas of the max or mand
parallel
moving or lying in the same plane, and is always separated by the same distance
paralleling technique
intraoral technique of exposing periapival and bitewing images where the xray beam is directed to the tooth and film that are parallel to the long axis of the tooth
perpendicular
intersecting at or forming a right angle
positioning instrument
intraoral device used to position and hold the film, sensor or psp plate
right angle
90 degrees formed by two lines perpendicular to each other
what is the importance of the dental assistant using proper exposu and development when exposing radiographs
ensures the patient is not exposed to extra unnecessary exposure to radiation
what are the legal complication that can occur when exposing radiographs
malpractice and negligence
what is the difference between responsibility and liability when exposing radiographs
responsibilities:
- ensuring that the patient is comfortable
- protecting the patient from extra radiation
- informing the patient with the importance of having radiographs taken
liabilities:
- dentist can be liable for yhe actions of the dental team members
- dental assistants can still be held liable for their own actions
what are some basic paralleling techniques
image receptor placement - position receptor so that it covers all correct teeth
image receptor position - image receptor must be positioned parallel to the long axis of the tooth
vertical angulation - center of xray beam must be directed perpendicular to the image receptor
horizontal angulation - center of xray beam must be directed through the contact areas between teeth
central ray - xray beam must be centred on image receptor to ensure that all areas are exposed
what are the basic bisecting techiques
must place the film directly against the teeth to be exposed
xray beam should be directed perpendicular to the bisecting line
90 degree angle
what are the basic bitewing techniques
image receptor is placed in the mouth parallel to the crowns of both the upper and lower teeth
image receptor is stabilized when the patient bites on the bitewing tab
central ray is directed through the contacts of the teeth using +10 degrees of vertical angulation
name the intraoral exposures by name
periapical
bitewing
occlusal
anterior
what are intraoral landmarks that will be seen on the film
sinuses
mandible ridge
foramen
nasal cavity
curve of spee
angulation of the roots
density of bone
what prescribed placements will show on a radiograph ( what teeth are exposed for each exposure)
max (mand) molars - distal of the 1.5 (2.5) and up until the whole 1.8
max (mand) pre molars - distal of the 1.3 (2.4) and the mesial or whole 1.6 (2.6)
max (mand) anteriors - distal of 1.2 to the 2.2
canines - should just show the whole canine, and mesial and distal of adjacent tooth structures
occlusal - shows the entire max and mand arches
what are diagnostic criteria for each exposure
PA - should show from the crown of the tooth to the very tip of the root and surrounding structures
BW - should show the alveolar crests and the crowns of both max and mand teeth
occusal - should show the whole mx arch or the whole mand arch
how does the bisecting technique differ from the paralleling technique
for bisecting, you do not use the beam alignment device when you are placing the image receptor in the mouth
what is the placement of image receptors in relation to the pid, and film holders used
paralleling
- used with beam alignment device
- PID will be parallel to the image receptor in the mouth
- image receptor will also be near the midline of the palate when in the mouth
bisecting
- not used with beam alignment device
- image receptor will be placed as close to the teeth as possible
- central ray will be perpendicular to the imaginary bisector in relation the the angle of the image receptor and teeth
- uses eezee grip holder
bitewings
- no beam alignment device
- uses bitewing tab or bitewing film holder
- stabilized in mouth when the patient bites down on the tab
- central ray must be directed through the contacts of the teeth in +10 degree vertical angulation
occlusal
- film will be placed on the occlusal surface of teeth
- no film holders
- PID will be positioned on top of max or below mandible
what is the purpose of quality assurance pogram
ensures the highest quality of dental images with least risk of radiation exposure to patients
regular testing is needed to detect equipment, and monitoring would be scheduled
what tests are done during quality assurance program, what is their purpose and how to perform each test
dental film - must test each new box for freshness
dental xray machine - calibrate equipment regularly
cassettes and PSP plates - clean and examine for scratches
safelighting - check for light-tightness in dark room
automatic processor - follow manufacturers recommendations carefully regarding maintenance
manual processor - replenish daily and change every 3-4 weeks
how do you handle film, sensors, and PSP plates, how can they be damaged
- must be held on the edges
- should not bend it
- always have it covered to prevent light exposure
- sensors are not as delicate, but the wires can get damaged
time and temp
- film appears light, underdeveloped
- film appears dark, overdeveloped
- reticulation of emulsion, cracked
chemical
- black spots, developer spots
- white spots, fixer spots
- yellow-brown spots
film handling
- straight white border, developer cutoff
- straight black border, fixer cutoff
- white or dark areas, overlapped film
- white spots, air bubbles or water
- black crescent shape, nail artifact
- black fingerprint, fingerprint artifact
- thin branches, static electricity
- white lines, scratched film
lighting
- black, light leak
- gray, fogged film
what are infection control guidelines before, during and after exposure
before exposure
- treatment area - xray machine, dental chair, work area, lead apron, computer keyboard and all surfaces that can come in contact should be covered with barrier or disinfected
during exposure
- film and psp - dry with paper towel, place dried film in disposable container or transfer box
- positioning devices - transfer positioner from work area to mouth, and from mouth to work area (never place on countertop)
after exposure
- befoe glove removal - dispose all contaminated items, and place positioning devices in designated area for contaminated equipment
- after glove removal - wash hands, remove lead apron
what is the PA and BW exposure sequence
anterior (can be used with paralleling and bisecting)
- max right 1.3 to 2.3 (right to left)
- mand 3.3 to the 4.3 (left to right)
posterior (BW)
- max right, expose 1.4 and 1.5 first, then 1.6-1.8
- mand left, expose 3.4 and 3.5 first, then 3.6-3.8
- max left, expose 2.4 and 2.5 first, then 2.6-2.8
- mand right, expose 4.4 and 4.5 first, then 4.6-4.8
what type of RINN assembles are there and how will they appear assembled
anterior (blue)
periapical (yellow)
bitewings (red)
what are the advantages and disadvantages of the paralleling technique vs bisecting technique
- it is easier to get a diagnostic radiograph when you have the beam alignment device in paralleling, It ensures the central ray is aligned with the teeth
- disadvantages is that it is larger, and less comfortable for the patient
- an advantage for using the. bisecting technique is that it can be used for smaller patients, and shorter palates
- disadvantage is that it is easier to mess up on the radiographs
what are the errors in bisecting and paralleling, and how are they caused and how to prevent
angulation of the PID can result in error
horizontal angulation (same for bisecting and paralleling)
- incorrect horizontal angulation results in overlapped contact areas
- central ray should be directed perpendicular to the curvature of the arch and through the contact areas
vertical angulation differs with bisecting and paralleling
- incorrect vertical angulation that results in an image that is not the same length as the tooth, image will be elongated or foreshortened
- paralleling, correct technique is that the vertical angulation of central ray is directed perpendicular to the image receptor
- bisecting, vertical angulation is determined by the imaginary bisector; central ray is directed perpendicular to the imaginary bisector
who prescribes the radiographs
the dentist
what is needed when doing an xray and what must you inform them
informed consent to prevent law suits, you must inform the patient of the risks and benefits, how many radiographs will be taken, who will take them, and the potential consequences of not getting them
who legally owns radiographs
the dentist
how do you explain things to the patient to get rid of fears
compare amount of radiation, what are advantages of getting xray compared to what would happen if they do not get it
detection of disease
same days worth of radiation
protecting lead apron with thyroid collar
what is a stepwedge used for
to check quality of the developer solutions
what are some surfaces that will be contaminated during exposure
tubehead
lead apron
keyboards
control panel
exposure buttons
chairs
what are guideline for infection control
- throw out rinn or sterilize if heat resistant
- take off contaminated barriers
why do we expose edentulous patients
- determines the quality of bone on the crest
- cysts, tumours
- root tips
- bone fragments
what is something you need to use to stabilize a receptor in the patients mouth without teeth
cotton rolls
if we expose xray to light, what colour will it appear
dark
if an xray has not been exposed to light, what colour will it appear
clear
which image do you need 5 mm beyond apex of root
for an endo
patients that are healthy and for PAs, it must be 2-3mm beyond the apex
how may images are created for a stepwedge
20 images, one will be processed and used as a control
what is the most common mounting method
labial mounting
