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DRYE > Rad 2 > Flashcards

Rad 2 Flashcards

1
Q

artifact

A

blemish or unindetended radiographic image that is not present in the actual structure

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2
Q

confidentiality

A

keeping personal information private about the patient

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3
Q

disclosure

A

process of informing patients

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4
Q

image receptor

A

recording medium for an image

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5
Q

informed consent

A

permission granted by a patient after being informed about the risks, benefits and alternatives of a procedure

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6
Q

liability

A

accountability or legal responsibility

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7
Q

malpractice

A

failure to provide a proper or reasonable level of care

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8
Q

PSP plates

A

reusable plates coated with phosphor as an image receptor

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9
Q

positioning device

A

intraoral devices used to position and hold the film, sensor, or PSP

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10
Q

quality assuracne

A

plan used to ensure quality in dental xray equipment, supplies and film processing

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11
Q

risk management

A

policies and procedures that will reduce the chance of malpractice lawsuit being brought against the dentist

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12
Q

standard of care

A

level of knowledge, skill and care comparable with that of other dentists who are treating similar patients under similar conditions

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13
Q

step wedge

A

device constructed of layers of aluminum steps to demonstrate film densities and contrasts

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14
Q

view box

A

illuminated boxlike device used to view radiographs

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15
Q

angulation

A

alignment of central ray of xray beam

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16
Q

bisecting technique

A

technique of exposing dental images where the xray beam is directed perpendicular to an imaginary line

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17
Q

bite wing

A

type of image used for interproximal examination

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18
Q

central ray

A

xray at the center of the beam

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19
Q

contact area

A

area of the mesial or distal of surfaces of tooth that touches an adjacent tooth in the same arch

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20
Q

crestal bone

A

coronal portion of alveolar bone found between teeth

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21
Q

diagnostic quality

A

refers to images with the proper structures and necessary density, contrast, definitions and detail for diagnostic purposes

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22
Q

interproximal

A

between two adjacent surfaces

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23
Q

intersecting

A

cutting across or through

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24
Q

long axis of tooth

A

imaginary line dividing the tooth vertically and into two equal halves

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25
Q

occlusal technique

A

used to examine large areas of the max or mand

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26
Q

parallel

A

moving or lying in the same plane, and is always separated by the same distance

27
Q

paralleling technique

A

intraoral technique of exposing periapival and bitewing images where the xray beam is directed to the tooth and film that are parallel to the long axis of the tooth

28
Q

perpendicular

A

intersecting at or forming a right angle

29
Q

positioning instrument

A

intraoral device used to position and hold the film, sensor or psp plate

30
Q

right angle

A

90 degrees formed by two lines perpendicular to each other

31
Q

what is the importance of the dental assistant using proper exposu and development when exposing radiographs

A

ensures the patient is not exposed to extra unnecessary exposure to radiation

32
Q

what are the legal complication that can occur when exposing radiographs

A

malpractice and negligence

33
Q

what is the difference between responsibility and liability when exposing radiographs

A

responsibilities:
- ensuring that the patient is comfortable
- protecting the patient from extra radiation
- informing the patient with the importance of having radiographs taken

liabilities:
- dentist can be liable for yhe actions of the dental team members
- dental assistants can still be held liable for their own actions

34
Q

what are some basic paralleling techniques

A

image receptor placement - position receptor so that it covers all correct teeth

image receptor position - image receptor must be positioned parallel to the long axis of the tooth

vertical angulation - center of xray beam must be directed perpendicular to the image receptor

horizontal angulation - center of xray beam must be directed through the contact areas between teeth

central ray - xray beam must be centred on image receptor to ensure that all areas are exposed

35
Q

what are the basic bisecting techiques

A

must place the film directly against the teeth to be exposed

xray beam should be directed perpendicular to the bisecting line

90 degree angle

36
Q

what are the basic bitewing techniques

A

image receptor is placed in the mouth parallel to the crowns of both the upper and lower teeth

image receptor is stabilized when the patient bites on the bitewing tab

central ray is directed through the contacts of the teeth using +10 degrees of vertical angulation

37
Q

name the intraoral exposures by name

A

periapical
bitewing
occlusal
anterior

38
Q

what are intraoral landmarks that will be seen on the film

A

sinuses
mandible ridge
foramen
nasal cavity
curve of spee
angulation of the roots
density of bone

39
Q

what prescribed placements will show on a radiograph ( what teeth are exposed for each exposure)

A

max (mand) molars - distal of the 1.5 (2.5) and up until the whole 1.8
max (mand) pre molars - distal of the 1.3 (2.4) and the mesial or whole 1.6 (2.6)
max (mand) anteriors - distal of 1.2 to the 2.2
canines - should just show the whole canine, and mesial and distal of adjacent tooth structures
occlusal - shows the entire max and mand arches

40
Q

what are diagnostic criteria for each exposure

A

PA - should show from the crown of the tooth to the very tip of the root and surrounding structures
BW - should show the alveolar crests and the crowns of both max and mand teeth
occusal - should show the whole mx arch or the whole mand arch

41
Q

how does the bisecting technique differ from the paralleling technique

A

for bisecting, you do not use the beam alignment device when you are placing the image receptor in the mouth

42
Q

what is the placement of image receptors in relation to the pid, and film holders used

A

paralleling
- used with beam alignment device
- PID will be parallel to the image receptor in the mouth
- image receptor will also be near the midline of the palate when in the mouth

bisecting
- not used with beam alignment device
- image receptor will be placed as close to the teeth as possible
- central ray will be perpendicular to the imaginary bisector in relation the the angle of the image receptor and teeth
- uses eezee grip holder

bitewings
- no beam alignment device
- uses bitewing tab or bitewing film holder
- stabilized in mouth when the patient bites down on the tab
- central ray must be directed through the contacts of the teeth in +10 degree vertical angulation

occlusal
- film will be placed on the occlusal surface of teeth
- no film holders
- PID will be positioned on top of max or below mandible

43
Q

what is the purpose of quality assurance pogram

A

ensures the highest quality of dental images with least risk of radiation exposure to patients

regular testing is needed to detect equipment, and monitoring would be scheduled

44
Q

what tests are done during quality assurance program, what is their purpose and how to perform each test

A

dental film - must test each new box for freshness
dental xray machine - calibrate equipment regularly
cassettes and PSP plates - clean and examine for scratches
safelighting - check for light-tightness in dark room
automatic processor - follow manufacturers recommendations carefully regarding maintenance
manual processor - replenish daily and change every 3-4 weeks

45
Q

how do you handle film, sensors, and PSP plates, how can they be damaged

A
  • must be held on the edges
  • should not bend it
  • always have it covered to prevent light exposure
  • sensors are not as delicate, but the wires can get damaged

time and temp
- film appears light, underdeveloped
- film appears dark, overdeveloped
- reticulation of emulsion, cracked

chemical
- black spots, developer spots
- white spots, fixer spots
- yellow-brown spots

film handling
- straight white border, developer cutoff
- straight black border, fixer cutoff
- white or dark areas, overlapped film
- white spots, air bubbles or water
- black crescent shape, nail artifact
- black fingerprint, fingerprint artifact
- thin branches, static electricity
- white lines, scratched film

lighting
- black, light leak
- gray, fogged film

46
Q

what are infection control guidelines before, during and after exposure

A

before exposure
- treatment area - xray machine, dental chair, work area, lead apron, computer keyboard and all surfaces that can come in contact should be covered with barrier or disinfected

during exposure
- film and psp - dry with paper towel, place dried film in disposable container or transfer box
- positioning devices - transfer positioner from work area to mouth, and from mouth to work area (never place on countertop)

after exposure
- befoe glove removal - dispose all contaminated items, and place positioning devices in designated area for contaminated equipment
- after glove removal - wash hands, remove lead apron

47
Q

what is the PA and BW exposure sequence

A

anterior (can be used with paralleling and bisecting)
- max right 1.3 to 2.3 (right to left)
- mand 3.3 to the 4.3 (left to right)

posterior (BW)
- max right, expose 1.4 and 1.5 first, then 1.6-1.8
- mand left, expose 3.4 and 3.5 first, then 3.6-3.8
- max left, expose 2.4 and 2.5 first, then 2.6-2.8
- mand right, expose 4.4 and 4.5 first, then 4.6-4.8

48
Q

what type of RINN assembles are there and how will they appear assembled

A

anterior (blue)
periapical (yellow)
bitewings (red)

49
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of the paralleling technique vs bisecting technique

A
  • it is easier to get a diagnostic radiograph when you have the beam alignment device in paralleling, It ensures the central ray is aligned with the teeth
  • disadvantages is that it is larger, and less comfortable for the patient
  • an advantage for using the. bisecting technique is that it can be used for smaller patients, and shorter palates
  • disadvantage is that it is easier to mess up on the radiographs
50
Q

what are the errors in bisecting and paralleling, and how are they caused and how to prevent

A

angulation of the PID can result in error

horizontal angulation (same for bisecting and paralleling)
- incorrect horizontal angulation results in overlapped contact areas
- central ray should be directed perpendicular to the curvature of the arch and through the contact areas

vertical angulation differs with bisecting and paralleling
- incorrect vertical angulation that results in an image that is not the same length as the tooth, image will be elongated or foreshortened
- paralleling, correct technique is that the vertical angulation of central ray is directed perpendicular to the image receptor
- bisecting, vertical angulation is determined by the imaginary bisector; central ray is directed perpendicular to the imaginary bisector

51
Q

who prescribes the radiographs

A

the dentist

52
Q

what is needed when doing an xray and what must you inform them

A

informed consent to prevent law suits, you must inform the patient of the risks and benefits, how many radiographs will be taken, who will take them, and the potential consequences of not getting them

53
Q

who legally owns radiographs

A

the dentist

54
Q

how do you explain things to the patient to get rid of fears

A

compare amount of radiation, what are advantages of getting xray compared to what would happen if they do not get it

detection of disease

same days worth of radiation

protecting lead apron with thyroid collar

55
Q

what is a stepwedge used for

A

to check quality of the developer solutions

56
Q

what are some surfaces that will be contaminated during exposure

A

tubehead
lead apron
keyboards
control panel
exposure buttons
chairs

57
Q

what are guideline for infection control

A
  • throw out rinn or sterilize if heat resistant
  • take off contaminated barriers
58
Q

why do we expose edentulous patients

A
  • determines the quality of bone on the crest
  • cysts, tumours
  • root tips
  • bone fragments
59
Q

what is something you need to use to stabilize a receptor in the patients mouth without teeth

A

cotton rolls

60
Q

if we expose xray to light, what colour will it appear

A

dark

61
Q

if an xray has not been exposed to light, what colour will it appear

A

clear

62
Q

which image do you need 5 mm beyond apex of root

A

for an endo

patients that are healthy and for PAs, it must be 2-3mm beyond the apex

63
Q

how may images are created for a stepwedge

A

20 images, one will be processed and used as a control

64
Q

what is the most common mounting method

A

labial mounting

DRYE (2 decks)

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