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DRYE > RAD 1 > Flashcards

RAD 1 Flashcards

1
Q

anode

A

a positive electrode in the xray tube

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2
Q

atom

A

a basic unit of matter

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3
Q

automatic processor

A

an automatic xray film processor that moves film from one solution to the next automatically

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4
Q

beam alignment device

A

assists in positioning of the PID

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5
Q

bitewing

A

an image view showing the crowns of both arches on one film

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6
Q

calcium tubgstate

A

a common type of phosphor

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7
Q

cathode

A

a negative electrode in the xray tube

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8
Q

charge coupled device (CCD)

A

solid state image sensor in intra-oral digital imaging

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9
Q

central ray

A

xray at the center of the beam

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10
Q

cephalometric film

A

xrays used for ortho treatment to show the bony and soft tissue areas of the face

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11
Q

contrast

A

differences in degrees of blackness on a radiograph

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12
Q

density

A

overall blackness of darkness of a radiograph

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13
Q

dental radiography

A

process of recording images of the teeth and adjacent structures by exposure to radiation

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14
Q

digital image

A

an electronic picture taken by sensors and displayed on a monitor

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15
Q

digital imaging

A

a filmless method of capturing an image and displaying it by using an image sensor

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16
Q

digitize

A

scanning of traditional film-based radiographs into a digital image

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17
Q

distortion

A

a change in the size of an image caused by incorrect angulation

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18
Q

dose (of radiation)

A

amount of energy absorbed by tissues

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19
Q

dosimeter

A

a device used to detect and measure an accumulated dosage of radiation

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20
Q

duplicating film

A

designed to duplicate film in a duplicating machine

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21
Q

electron

A

a negatively charged particle in an atom

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22
Q

emulsion

A

a coating on the xray film with energy sensitive crystals

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23
Q

energy

A

ability to do work

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24
Q

extra oral film

A

film that is placed outside of the mouth

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25
Q

film speed

A

sensitivity of the emulsion on the film to radiation

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26
Q

genetic effects

A

effects of radiation that are passed on to future generations

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27
Q

identification dot

A

identifies how the plates or film shout be positioned in the mouth or when mounting

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28
Q

image

A

can be film based or digital and produces recordings of an image

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29
Q

image receptor

A

a recording medium for an image

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30
Q

intensifying screen

A

a device used to convert xray energy into visible light which exposes screen film

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31
Q

intensity

A

total energy of the xray beam

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32
Q

intraoral film

A

film designed for placement in the mouth

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33
Q

ion

A

an electronically charged particle that is unstable

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34
Q

ionization

A

process where electrons are removed from atoms, causing harmful effects of radiation to humans

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35
Q

ionizing radiation

A

radiation that produces ionization, resulting in harmful effects

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36
Q

kilovoltage peak

A

highest voltage of radiograph used during radiograph exposures

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37
Q

label side

A

coloured side of the film that faces the tongue

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38
Q

latent

A

something is dormant

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39
Q

latent image

A

invisible image on the xray fil after exposure but before processing

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40
Q

latent period

A

time between exposure to radiation and appearance of the image

41
Q

light-tight

A

used to describe the darkroom where no light can be present

42
Q

magnification

A

proportional enlargement of a radiographic image

43
Q

matter

A

anything that occupies space and has form or shape

44
Q

milliampere

A

a unit of measurement used to describe the intensity of an electrical current

45
Q

occlusal radiograph

A

radiographic image that shows large areas of the max and mand

46
Q

panoramic film

A

image that provides a full view of the upper and lower jaws

47
Q

penumbra

A

blurry or fuzzy appearance of radiograph

48
Q

periapical

A

image that shows the crown, root tip and surrounding structures

49
Q

photon

A

tiny bundles of pure energy that has no mass or weight

50
Q

primary beam

A

most penetrating beam produced at the target of the anode when exposing a radiographic image

51
Q

primary radiation

A

xrays that come from target of the xray tube

52
Q

processing

A

a series of steps that transform exposed film into a radiographic image

53
Q

radiation

A

forms of waves of energy emission through space or material

54
Q

radiograph

A

image produced on photosensitive film by exposing film to radiation, and processing it

55
Q

radiology

A

science of the study of radiation used in medicine

56
Q

safelighting

A

low intensity light on the red-orange spectrum that is used as illumination when processing films

57
Q

scatter radiation

A

type of secondary radiation that occurs when xray beam has been deflected from its path by interacting with matter

58
Q

secondary radiation

A

radiation that is created when the primary beam interacts with matter

59
Q

sensor

A

an image receptor that contains a silicon chip with an electric circuit

60
Q

sharpness

A

measure of how well the radiograph reproduces the fine details or outlines of an object

61
Q

somatic effects

A

effects of radiation that causes illness and affects the body tissue but is not passed to future generation

62
Q

tube side

A

solid white side of film that faces the xray tube

63
Q

xradiation

A

high energy inonizing magnetic radiation

64
Q

what are the uses of dental images

A
  • detects dental caries
  • identifies bone loss
  • abnormalities
  • growth and development
  • documents pt condition
65
Q

who discovered radiography and when

A

wilhem conrad roengten in 1895

66
Q

when was the first dental radiograph

A

1896 by O. Walkhoff

67
Q

when was the first dental radiograph on a live patient

A

1896 by C.E Kells

68
Q

what is the difference between an atom and an ion

A

an atom is a basic unit of matter

an ion is an electrically charge particle

69
Q

explain the difference between short wavelength and long wavelength and what is the preferred creation of xrays

A

the difference is the distance of each crest of wave within a given period of time
- short wavelengths are preferred

70
Q

what are the parts of the dental xray machine and fucnctions

A

control panel
- turns machine on and off
- and controls exposure time, kilovoltage and milliamperage

extension arm
- runs wires and elecetrical current from the control panel to the tubehead

tube head
- produces the xrays

tube head seal
- keeps the oil in the tube head and acts as a filter for xray beams

xray tube
- produces the xrays, has a cathode side and an anode side

transformer
- alters the voltage of incoming electrical unit

aluminum filter or disk
- lowers the xray beams directed to patient

lead collimator
- controls the size and shape of the xray beams as it leaves the tubehead

pid
- open ended, lead lined cylinder used to aim xray beam

71
Q

what is in the xray tubehead and what is it made of

A

contains the xray tube which is made of leaded glass and has a window that allows xray beams to exit

  • consists of negative side; cathode, which consists of the tungsten filament in a cup shaped holder made of molybdenum
  • also has a positive side; anode, which consists of the tungsten target that is embedded in a solid copper rod
72
Q

what are the exposure factors that can be changed on the control panel

A

milliampere, kilovoltage, and exposure time

73
Q

what are the three types of radiation and how is it created

A

primary radiation
- radiation that occurrs before the radiation hits matter and is still in the tubehead

secondary radiation
- radiation that occurs when radiation beam comes in contact with matter

scattered radiation
- radiation that occurs when xray beams are deflected when it comes in contact with matter

74
Q

describe radiolucent and radiopaque images and give examples of each

A

radiolucent images will appear dark or black
ex. dentin, air, foramens, sinuses, soft tissue

radiopaque images will appear light or white
ex. enamel, fillings, metal

75
Q

what are the three xray beam characterisitcs and describe each one

A

quality
- used to describe the penetrating ability of the xray beam
- is measured in kPV, and needs betwen 80-100 kPv
- a change in this will result in dense and dark radiographs

quantity
- refers to the numbers of xrays produced in the xray unit
- should be from 8-17 mA
- settings above this will cause overheating

intensity
- a combination of number of xray photons and energy of each photon

76
Q

why are effects of ionixing radiation harmful to human tissue

A
  • produces biologic changes in living tissue
77
Q

what is the difference between acute and chronic radiation exposure

A

acute - exposure occurs in large dose in short period of time
chronic - exposure occurs in small repeated doses over a longer period of time

78
Q

explain the difference between genetic and somatic effects of radiation

A

genetic - when damageds occur and may be passed to future generations

somatic - when damages occur to the body tissues and cannot be passed to future generations

79
Q

what are critical organs with dental rad

A

eyes, skin, bone marrow, thyroid, salivary glans, gonads,

80
Q

what is the permissible dose for an occupational worker and a non-occupational pers

A

occupational workers - 5.0 rems
non-occupational - 0.1 rems

81
Q

what are radiation protective devices, and or measures and how they limit exposte

A

film badges, pocket dosimeter - measures the exposure you have encountered ensuring you do not excel this limit

not standing in primary beam and standing minimum 6 feet away

ALARA - radiation must be as low as reasonably achievable

82
Q

what are the disadvantages of digital imaging compared to conventional xrays

A

cost
converting previous records to digital
learning the computer softwares
power going down or software issues

83
Q

what is the difference between direct and indirect imaging, and list typs of each

A

direct imaging
- take a radiograph and it automatically is put on the computer without having to process the image
- CCD

indirect imaging
- captures a radiograph that will need to be processed and mounted
- PSP plates or film

84
Q

what are the differences and similarities between receptor posiitioning instruments and beam alignment devices

A

receptor positioning instruments hold the film or plates in place while taking xrays

beam alignment devices also hold film and plates in place, but also aligns the beam into proper positioning

85
Q

what are the enhancements that can eb applied to digital images by computer software

A

contrast
brightness
image size
sharpness
inverion
pseudocolour alteration

86
Q

what are the various layers of the intra oral film and what they are composed of

A

black paper film wrapper
- shields film from light

thin lead foil
- shields film from scattered radiation

outer packet wrapping
- made of soft vinyl and seals the film packet

87
Q

how does a latent image form on a radiographic film

A

radiation interacts with the silver halide crystals in the film emulsion

88
Q

what factors of film speed are necessary for fast speed film

A

larger sized crystal halide crystals

89
Q

what is the function of identification dot on the film packet and on the film

A

identification dot on the film packet refers to the left or ride side of the film

on the film, it is required for positioning of film when mounting

90
Q

what intraoral film sizes are for 0-4

A

0 = for children under the age of 3
1 = for anteriors of children and adults
2 = for bitewings for adults and PA
3 = for bitewings that must include both pre molars and molars
4 = for the max and mand arches

91
Q

what are the differences between intraoral and extraoral film, and list the types of each one

A

intraoral film is places inside the mouth to view the teeth and jaw
- film and psp plates

extraoral is placed outside of the mouth and is used to examine large areas of the head or jaw
- panoramic and cephalometric

92
Q

explain screen films and the used of intensifying screens in cassettes

A

screen films are more sensitive to the light than radiation which uses less radiation for patients

intensifying screens increase the effect of radiation

93
Q

criteria for storing film

A

should be stored according to manufacturers instructions
kept away from radiation
50-70 f
30-50% humidity

94
Q

what are the steps in order of manual film processing

A

developing - reduces the exposed silver halide crystals and softens emulsion

rinsing - removes developer from film so developing process stops

fixer- removes unexposed silver halide crystals and hardens film emulsion

washing- removes residue of fixer

dry- air dries the film

95
Q

advantages of automatic processing over manual

A

requires less time
less equipment and space
less errors

96
Q

difference between replenishing and replacing

A

replenishing is adding liquid to ensure same level is maintained - should be done daily

replacing - getting rid of old materials and putting new set - should be done every 3-4 weeks

97
Q

describe the dark room setting and all necessary equipment

A

dark room may not have any light leaks present
lights must be turned off
safe light must be used for illumination while processing images, must be minimum of 4 feet away from work space

98
Q

list all processing errors that could appear on xrays and how each will appear

A
  • Time and temperature errors
    Can appear light, film is underdeveloped
    o Can appear dark, film is overdeveloped
    o Can have cracks, reticulation of emulsion
  • Chemical contamination
    o Dark or black spots, developer spots
    o Light or white spots, fixer spots
    o Yellow-brown spots, old developer
  • Film handling
    o Straight white border, developer cut off
    o Striaght black border, fixer cutoff
    o White or dark areas, film is overlapping
    o White spots, air bubbles or water bubbles
    o Black crescent shape, finger nail artifcate
    o Back finger prints, finger print artifact
    o White lines, scratches on film
    o Thin black branches, static electricity
  • Lighting
    o Black, light leak
    o Grey and lacks detail and contrast, fogged filmree

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