Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Midterm Studying > Rad 1129 Chapter 1-7 > Flashcards

Rad 1129 Chapter 1-7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is energy?

A

The capacity to do work or cause change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is ionizing radiation?

A

Radiation that produces ions when passing through matter, causing damage to biologic tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is radiation protection?

A

The methods used to protect people from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is diagnostic efficacy?

A

The accuracy in diagnostic imaging in revealing the presence or absence of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the ALARA principle?

A

The practice of keeping radiation exposure As Low As Reasonably Achievable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an atom?

A

The building block of matter, consisting of a nucleus (containing protons and neutrons) that’s surrounded by Electrons in electron shells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

The central part of an atom containing protons and neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a proton?

A

A positively charged particle in the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the charge of neutrons?

A

Neutral charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is binding energy?

A

The energy required to separate particles bound by electromagnetic or nuclear forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

Electrons in the outermost shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are functions of valence electrons?

A

Can form chemical bonds or participate in ionization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is ionization?

A

The process where an atom loses or gains an electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a positive ion?

A

When an atom loses an electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a negative ion?

A

If an atom gains an electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are x-rays?

A

A form of ionizing radiation used in medical imaging to produce diagnostic images

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a major effect of ionization in human cells?

A

Can cause biologic damage such as mutations, cancer or other tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 3 cardinal rules of radiation protection?

A

Time, Distance and Shielding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How can time be a factor of radiation protection?

A

Minimizing the time exposed to radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How can distance be a factor in radiation protection?

A

Maximizing the distance from the radiation source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How can shielding be a factor in radiation protection?

A

Using appropriate shielding like lead aprons will block or reduce radiation exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are radiation safety responsibilities of radiologists and radiographers?

A

To ensure safe use of radiation, maintain ALARA and protect patients and themselves by using appropriate exposure techniques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are radiation safety responsibilities of employers?

A

Implement and maintain a radiation safety program, perform audits and provide resources for radiation protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are radiation safety responsibilities of radiation workers?

A

Follow workplace rules and procedures for radiation safety, including protective equipment and minimizing exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When should patients chose to be exposed to radiation?

A

When the benefits of exposure outweigh the risks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does diagnostic efficacy ensure?

A

That the imaging procedure produces accurate and essential diagnostic information with the lowest radiation dose possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What should radiographers educate patients about?

A

Procedures, potential radiation risks and safety measures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is BERT?

A

Background equivalent radiation time which can be used to explain exposure in terms patients can understand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is excitation?

A

When an electron absorbs energy and jumps to a higher level but remains in the atom and isn’t ejected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is atomic number?

A

The number on protons in a nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What symbol represents atomic number?

A

Z

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is mass number?

A

The total numbers of protons and neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What symbol resents mass number?

A

A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are isobars?

A

Atoms with the same mass number but different atomic numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are isotones?

A

Atoms with the same number of neutrons but different atomic numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are isomers?

A

Atoms with the same atomic and mass number but different energy states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does BERT compare?

A

Medical radiation with natural background radiation which helps understand exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is an ionic pair?

A

When an electron gets removed from an atom it creates a free electron (Negative ion) and unstable atom with one less electron (Positive ion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is standardized dose reporting?

A

Consolidated list of radiation doses for each procedure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the benefit of standardized dose reporting?

A

Can help reduce overall exposure and assist physicians in making informed decisions on further imaging

43
Q

What is the TRACE program?

A

A dose awareness and reduction program that educates patients and healthcare professionals on the radiation risks

44
Q

What is natural radiation?

A

Radiation that is always present in the environment

45
Q

What are examples of natural radiation?

A

Terrestrial, Cosmos and Internal radiation

46
Q

What are examples of terrestrial radiation?

A

Radon and Thoron

47
Q

What is man-made radiation?

A

Radiation that is created by humans for specific purposes

48
Q

What are examples of manmade radiation?

A

Medical applications, consumer products, air travel, nuclear power and radiation from nuclear accidents

49
Q

What is the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

A range of electromagnetic waves from low frequency to high frequency

50
Q

What are the electromagnetic waves listed from low to high?

A

Radio waves, microwaves, Infrared, Visible Light, Ultraviolet Light, X-rays and Gamma Rays

51
Q

What electromagnetic waves are classified as ionizing radiation?

A

High energy radiation like X-rays and Gamma rays

52
Q

What electromagnetic waves are classified as non-ionizing radiation?

A

Lower energy waves like visible light, microwaves and radio wave

53
Q

What is particulate radiation?

A

A form of radiation in which particles are ejected from the nucleus of an atom

54
Q

What does particulate radiation consist of?

A

Alpha particles, beta particles, neutrons and protons

55
Q

What is particulate radiation capable of?

A

Causing ionization

56
Q

What are alpha particles?

A

Large, positively charged particles that are ejected from the nucleus of heavy elements

57
Q

What is the penetration power of alpha particles?

A

Minimally penetrating and can be blocked by paper

58
Q

When are alpha particles considered dangerous?

A

When ingested or inhaled

59
Q

What is a beta particle?

A

A small, electron like substance emitted from the nucleus of a cell

60
Q

What is the penetrating power of beta particles?

A

More penetrating than alpha and require thicker shielding like wood or lead

61
Q

What are gamma rays?

A

Highly penetrating electromagnetic wave that require dense material like lead for shielding

62
Q

What is absorbed dose?

A

The amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by an object or person

63
Q

What is absorbed dose measured in?

A

mGy

64
Q

What is equivalent dose?

A

Takes into account the type and energy of radiation and provides a measure of biologic damage

65
Q

What is EqD measured in?

A

mSv

66
Q

What is effective dose?

A

Includes radiation dose to specific organs or tissues

67
Q

What is EfD measured in?

A

mSv

68
Q

What are the 3 types of damage ionizing radiation has on the tissues?

A

Molecular, cellular and organic damage

69
Q

What are molecular changes?

A

Damage at the atomic and molecular levels

70
Q

What is cell damage?

A

Can lead to cell death or mutations

71
Q

What is organic damage?

A

Long term effects like cancer, genetic mutation or cataracts

72
Q

What is the average annual dose from natural background radiation?

A

3.1 mSv

73
Q

What is the average annual dose for medical radiation?

A

2.3 mSv

74
Q

What is the total annual dose of all radiation (human and natural)?

A

5.5 mSv

75
Q

What are some well known radiation accidents?

A

Chernobyl, Three Mile Island and Fukushima

76
Q

How are X-rays produced?

A

When high speed electrons hit a positively charged target in an X-ray tube

77
Q

What is kVp?

A

The highest energy level of the photons which control quality of the X-ray beam

78
Q

What is mAs ?

A

The product of milliampere and time (Seconds) that controls the quantity of the X-ray photons delivered to the patient

79
Q

What is attenuation?

A

The reduction in intensity of the X-ray beam as it passes through the patient

80
Q

What is attenuation caused by?

A

Absorption and scattering

81
Q

What is absorption?

A

When X-ray energy is transferred to the tissue

82
Q

What does absorption contribute to?

A

Absorbed Dose (D)

83
Q

What is scatter?

A

X-ray photons that change direction after interacting with matter that degrade image quality

84
Q

What are the 5 types of X-ray interactions with matter?

A
  • Coherent Scattering
  • Photoelectric Absorption
  • Compton Scattering
  • Pair Production
  • Photodisintegration
85
Q

What is Coherent scattering?

A

When a low energy photon interacts with an atom, causing the electrons to excite and vibrate without a loss of energy

86
Q

What is photoelectric absorption?

A

Where the X-ray photon is fully absorbed by an inner shell electron, which gets displaced as a Photoelectron to produce secondary radiation

87
Q

What are important factors of photoelectric absorption?

A

Help produce high quality images but also increase patient dose

88
Q

What is Compton scattering?

A

When a high-energy photon interacts with an outer shell electron resulting in scattered photons

89
Q

What are the negative effects of Compton scattering?

A

Degrade image quality with fog and increase occupational dose to radiation workers

90
Q

What is pair production?

A

Interaction that occurs with photon energies >1.02 MeV

91
Q

What are Pair Production interactions mostly used in?

A

PET scans

92
Q

What is Photodisintegration?

A

Interaction that occurs at extremely high photon energy 10 MeV which interacts with the nucleus of an atom causing it to release fragments

93
Q

What affects the probability of interactions?

A

The photon energy level and tissue properties like atomic number and mass density

94
Q

Which photon energy levels are more likely to be absorbed?

A

Low-energy photons

95
Q

Which photon energy levels are more likely to scatter?

A

High energy photons

96
Q

What is exposure?

A

Measures the ionization of air due to X-rays and gamma rays

97
Q

What is the unit exposure is measured in?

A

Coulombs per kilogram (C/kg) with the traditional unit being roentgen (R)

98
Q

What is air kerma?

A

A modern quantity that measures the energy transferred from radiation to air

99
Q

What does air kerma help quantity?

A

The amount of radiation energy deposited

100
Q

What is air kerma measured in?

A

Gray (Gy) and more specifically J/kg)

101
Q

What is absorbed dose?

A

Represents the amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by an irradiated object

102
Q

What is Absorbed dose important for assessing?

A

Potential biological effects of radiation

103
Q

What is Absorbed dose measured in?

A

Gray (Gy)

Midterm Studying (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions