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HISTORY: America 1920-73 > Racial Tension And Civil Rights > Flashcards

Racial Tension And Civil Rights Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the Jim Crow laws? (3 - when, what, quote)

A

Put in place 1950s
Segregated use of every day facilities e.g. buses, parks + schools
‘Separate but equal’

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2
Q

Statistics on racial prejudice: voting, employment + education (4)

A

Threatened with violence if tried to vote
- only 5% A.American population in Mississippi were registered to vote
In south, white teachers earned 30% more
Best unis closed to blacks

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3
Q

Brown vs Topeka Case (2 - what, effect)

A 
The Browns (black family) campaigned for their daughter to be able to go to the nearer neighbourhood school (for whites)
May 1954 - Supreme Court declares every education board has to end segregation
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4
Q

Effects of Brown vs Topeka case? (4 - 2 positive, 2 negative)

A

1956 - all schools in Topeka organised by area not race
By 1957 - 300,000+ black kids attended previously segregated schools

1955 - KKK membership rose significantly because of ‘threats’ to white children
Southern States passed 450 laws + resolutions to prevent the Brown decision being enforced

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5
Q

Little Rock Nine (4 - where, when, what, how it was resolved)

A

Little Rock, Arkansas
1957
9 a.american pupils tried to attend Central High School but were refused entry + met by soldiers + hostile crowd
Eisenhower had to send federal troops to make the governor back down + they had to accompany the 9 for 6 weeks

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6
Q

When was Rosa Parks arrested?

A

1 December 1955

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7
Q

Why was Rosa Parks arrested?

A

She refused to give up her seat in ‘whites only’ section of bus

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8
Q

What is decided after Rosa Parks in arrested? (Local community will do what?)

A

They local black community will boycott the city’s buses

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9
Q

What happens one year after the start of the bus boycott? (2)

A

Bus companies financially crippled

21 Dec 1956 - Supreme Court rules segregated buses = illegal

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10
Q

Murder of Emmett Till (3 - when, age, whatx2)

A

August 1955
14 years old
Kidnapped, brutally beaten, shot + dumped in tallahatchie river for allegedly whistling at white woman
Two white men acquitted by all white jury + then boast about committing murder in a magazine

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11
Q

SCLC (3)

A

Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Created by MLK
Ran conferences + trained civil rights activists in non-violent techniques + how to handle police, law + media

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12
Q

SNCC (2)

A

Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee

Set up by students (both black + white) who were deeply moved by the movement

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13
Q

CORE (2)

A

Congress of Racial Equality

Formed by another civil rights activist, James Farmer

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14
Q

Sit-ins (5)

A

First used in Greensboro, N. Carolina, in 1960 at a Woolworth’s food counter
Four a.american members of SNCC sat on white only seats + denied service + refused to move
Within 1 week, 400 students organising sit-ins at other lunch counters
End of 1960 - lunch counters desegregated in 126 cities
The tactic spread

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15
Q

Freedom Rides (4)

A

May 1961 - CORE began this form of protest
SNCC also participated
Activists travelled around in whites only sections of buses in still segregated areas
Faced some of worst violence in whole campaign but attracted publicity

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16
Q

March on Washington (7)

A

28 August 1963
Over 200,000 + 50,000 marched together to the federal capital Washington
aim = to pressure JFK to introduce civil rights bill
Gathered at Lincoln memorial + MLK made his ‘I have a dream’ speech
Very peaceful - no trouble
Largest demonstration in country’s history
Had a huge impact on American public opinion

17
Q

March on Birmingham (5)

A

May 1963
30000 marched, many = teens + children
Chief of police orders police attacks on protesters using dogs, water cannons, tear gas etc
Many arrested incl 900 children
Images of brutality shown on TV, which gained significant amount of support and sympathy for the movement

18
Q

Which year and how was JFK killed?

A

Shot dead in Dallas, Texas in 1963

19
Q

How many marches + demonstrations were there in 1963?

A

Over 900 in over 100 cities

20
Q

March from Selma to Birmingham

A

March 1965

Protesters brutally attacked by local police - ‘Bloody Sunday’

21
Q

Black Power

A

Political idea that black Americans should take responsibility for their own lives and reject white help

22
Q

Nation of Islam (5)

A

Black power group
Founded 1930s
Argued for separationism (keeping races apart)
Rejected Christianity (‘white man’s religion’)
Malcolm X = a member

23
Q

Black Panther Party (5)

A 
Black power
Formed 1966
5000 members by 1968
Extreme militant group
Violent
24
Q

Malcolm X (5)

A

Became Muslim in prison
Believed violence was necessary to bring about change
Member of Nation of Islam until 1964
Then left + set up OAAU to promote non-violent tactics + ties between Africans and a.americans
Assassinated on stage in 1965 by 3 members of Nation of Islam

25
Q

Black power decline (3)

A

Late 1960s
Poor organisation + little funding
Government preferred MLK’s peaceful methods

26
Q

Impact of black power (4)

A
  • brought anger of a.americans to national attention
  • mainly negative media coverage
  • put off white supporters
  • responsible for race riots
27
Q

Race riots (3)

A

Cause = poor relations between police + a.americans - blacks distrusted this predominantly white police force
Watts area of LA August 1965 - 30000 rioters, 34 deaths
Detroit July 1967

28
Q

When was the first Civil Rights Act introduced?

A

2nd July 1964

29
Q

Civil Rights Act 1964

A

Signed by LBJ

Made it illegal for local government to discriminate in areas such as housing and employment

30
Q

When was Voting Rights Act introduced?

A

6 August 1965

31
Q

Voting Rights Act 1965

A

Allowed government agents to inspect voting procedures to make sure they were taking place properly
Ended literacy testing that discriminated against poor a.americans in particular

32
Q

When was second civil rights act introduced?

A

1968

33
Q

Civil Rights Act 1968

A

Housing could not be sold or rented on the basis of race, religion, national origin or sex

34
Q 
MLK’s death:
When?
How?
Where?
Who?
Results of it?
A

4 April 1968
Assassinated in Memphis Tennessee while standing on hotel balcony
By James Earl Ray, white racist
Riots broke out over USA
LBJ called for a national day of mourning

HISTORY: America 1920-73 (6 decks)

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