Rachel's Notes Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

Penicillins act on gram negative or gram positive organisms?

A

Both gram positive and gram negative.

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2
Q

Penicillins are safe in pregnancy. True/False?

A

True.

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3
Q

How does penicillin work?

A

Inhibits cell wall synthesis with autolysins.

Autolysins degrade the cell wall and affect the osmotic pressure.

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4
Q

Are cephalosporins safe in pregnancy?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Give 2 examples of glycopeptides

A

Vancomycin and teicoplanin.

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6
Q

How are glycopeptides given?

A

Intravenously, are not absorbed when given orally but can be given orally where they act on the gut lumen (this is ONLY for C Diff)

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7
Q

Glycopeptides are used to treat gram__ organism?

A

Gram positive

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8
Q

How are macrolides excreted?

A

Via the liver & biliary tree.

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9
Q

What feature of macrolides allow them to pass through the cell membrane so easily?

A

They are lipophilic.

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10
Q

Are macrolides safe in pregnancy?

A

No, with the exception of Erythromycin

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11
Q

Give an example of an aminoglycoside and its route of administration.

A

Gentamicin (IV)

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12
Q

Aminogycosides are used against gram___ organisms?

A

Gram negative

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13
Q

What do broad spectrum antibiotics do?

A

Work on gram negative and gram positive organisms.

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14
Q

What makes something produce endotoxin?

A

The presence of lipopolysaccharide.

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15
Q

What does C diff produce when there is no competition due to the eradication of the gut’s natural flora?

A

Produce exotoxin leading to severe diarrhoea.

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16
Q

What is Clindamycin used for?

A

A 2nd line treatment to treat staph/strep cocci in penicillin allergic patients.

17
Q

What is Chloramphenicol used to treat?

A

It is a topical treatment used for eye infections.

18
Q

Are tetracyclines bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Both bactericidal and bacteriostatic.

19
Q

What does doxycycline do?

A

Treat atypical bacteria without a proper cell wall and some chest & skin infections in penicillin allergic patients.

20
Q

How does co-trimoxazole work?

A

Inhibit bacterial folic acid synthesis by binding to enzymes needed to form folic acid.

21
Q

Are fluoroquinolones bactericidal or bacteriostatic? In addition, what makes them special?

A

Bactericidal

They are broad spectrum antibiotics

22
Q

Give 2 examples of fluoroquinolones and 3 things they are used to treat.

A

Pseudomonas infection
Ciprofloxacin (IV or oral) is used to treat complicated UTIs
IV levofloxacin is used to treat severe CAP in penicillin allergic patients.

23
Q

What is the rare type of allergy to glycopeptides such as vancomycin called?

A

Red man syndrome.

24
Q

What does a TRUE hypersensitivity reaction involve? And what medications must these patients avoid?

A

Low BP, itchy rash, difficulty breathing, swelling at injection site.
Avoid penicillins and cephalosporins

25
Q

Which 2 medications should be avoided in the first trimester of pregancy?

A

Metranidazole and trimethoprim

26
Q

Which 3 medications should NOT be given to pregnant women at all?

A

Gentamycin, tetracycline and fluroquinolones.

27
Q

Give the 2 ways in which bacteria acquire resistance.

A

Genetic mutations - misreading DNA

Transfer of DNA that codes for antibiotic resistance from 1 bacterium to another.

28
Q

Name and describe the 3 mechanisms by which genes for antibiotic resistance are transferred to other bacteria.

A

Transformation (bacteria dies and releases free DNA, another bacterium incorporates this free DNA into their structure, acquiring resistance)
Conjugation (2 bacteria are in close proximity, form a bridge called a “pilus”, the plasmid replicates and one copy is transferred over)
Transduction (virus (“phage”) invades bacterium. The bacterium’s resistant DNA is incorporated into the virus’ DNA. When the bacterium dies, the virus is released and can transfer this DNA onto other bacterial cells).

29
Q

Name the 3 mechanisms of resistance.

A

Altered binding site
Destruction or activation of antibiotic
Increased efflux via efflux pumps channels meaning antibiotics are exported out of the bacterial cells.