Race & Immigration Flashcards
1
Q
Feldman (3)
A
- German nationality is based on historical lineage
- Stresses the significance of tariff reform, WWI, Boer war and competition with Germany as sources of otherness.
- Jews from Russia causal factor of decline, leading to 1905 Aliens Act - disproportionate impact. Anti-semitism, but more so the greater issue of the poor health of incoming Jews was more prescient in the coming of this decision.
2
Q
Kushner (4)
A
- “since 1945 differs from the interwar period … blatantly multi-cultural and multi-racial’”
- Post-WWII – utility of Eastern-Europeans through EVWs – rapidly mobilised and demobilised underclass
- Britain became major settlement zone after McCarren-Walter Act 1952
- Rushdie Affair led to issues of conflict on “liberal individualism and ethnic peculiarities”
3
Q
Panyani (3)
A
- Identifies 4 periods of migration-
1) Immediate Postwar European displacement
2) 1948-1962 West Indies
3) 1970s Asian income
4) Refugee movements from Idi Amin - Some immigrants more equal than others – Greeks and South Asians more easily assimilated
- By end of century, new targets – asylum seekers “a multicultural racist state.” Those who originated in early postwar period – did well economically. At same time, Britain far more diverse culturally. Ethnic minorities experienced high levels of unemployment, discrimination and asylum seekers became new pariahs
4
Q
Constantine (3)
A
Im/emigratoin having important function
- Dominions functioned as Labour Market
- Harmony of interest between emigration and immigration
- Census – 1931 – 92,746 people born in the four Dominions and resident in England, Wales and Scotland – highly talented – centripetal forces drew in talent Fear of population decline galvanised interest in migration
5
Q
Cesarini (5)
A
- Identity Crisis - causes of identity crisis – empire, war, immigration, internal economic and social transformation.
- As workshop of world, promotion of freedom of movement driven by confidence of superiority on world stage
- Jewish mass migration at economic crisis points raised otherness and led to discrimination
- Transmogrification of empire to commonwealth impelled mutations in British national identity and modalities of belonging.
- Encouragement of migration and naturalisation of people seen as assimilable. – Eastern Europeans, not Jamaicans
6
Q
Holmes
A
- “The hostility encountered by immigrants, refugees and minorities reflects a tendency among human beings to prefer what is familiar”
- Eastern Europe – 1984 – “coming from a Communist country and from war slave camps in Germany we thought and still think, England and Bradford is a paradise”
7
Q
White (3)
A
- “Incessant migration constantly renewed London’s life-blood. Londoners shifted out of the County to make room for newcomers. And Greater London beyond the County filled from a tank that included Londoners spilling out from the centre and migrants moving in from the provinces and nations of Britain and beyond.”
- “all come to London, not England” Implication - London a bubble of England? Certainly ties within swinging London”
- Council estates produced the most hostile environments of all for black and Asian newcomers. In Tower Hamlets, the Canada, Montmorres and Hollybush Gardens Estates were ‘known as “no-go areas” among the Asian community’ in the late 1970s. Others petitioned against the rehousing of Asians
8
Q
Ward (2)
A
- “You know who you are, only by knowing who you are not”
- WW2 encouraged migration at the same time as it created a new sense of a socially cohesive British identity. When black and Asian migration began in greater numbers in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, many of the British had already constructed a sense of their identity against which the ‘other’ would be compared.
9
Q
Schwarz
A
- Memory is selective - ‘the great Australian silence’ - white forgetfulness about the role of the Aboriginal peoples in the continent’s history
- The white man of 19th c. was the product of an entire discursive apparatus. Both the state and powerful institutions in civil society were active in his making. His body, his sexual practices, his family arrangements, his contact with racial others: all were regulated
- most significant continuities between Powellism and Thatcherism ‘lie in their articulation of … post-colonial nationalism’
- Concept of the silent majority critical
10
Q
Waters
A
- “While Poles, who far outnumbered Black migrants between 1945 and 1950, were often referred to as “strangers,” they were neither discussed to the same extent nor elicited the same anxiety as the “dark strangers” who arrived in Britain from the “new Commonwealth.””
- trope of nation-as-woman “depends for its representational efficacy on a particular image of woman as chaste, dutiful, daughterly, or maternal.”
- Representations of “deviant” white heterosexual women and homosexual men suggest that the policing of sexual boundaries was crucial to the policing of the imaginary boundaries of the nation itself, that the cohesiveness of the national community was not only mapped against racial others but also against those whites who strayed from its conventions.
- By intensifying the perception of a gap between academic discourse and the lived experience of race in Britain, the 1958 riots fuelled the growth of Black voices. always been told they were: “Before the riots I was British-I was born under the Union Jack,” wrote one Jamaican migrant, but “the race riots… turned me into a staunch Jamaican.” – Stuart Hall
11
Q
Freeman (3)
A
- Migrants essential to capitalism - essential component of advanced capitalist systems
- Switzerland 1970s - 16 per cent of the total population and nearly 30 per cent of the labor force, the largest number coming from Italy.
- In fact, iiberfremdung (foreign penetration and dominance) has been the most serious domestic issue in Switzerland in the 1960s and early 1970s.
12
Q
Collins (3)
A
- Financial independence was considered a matter of racial pride If all they wanted were better wages, migration paid off for West Indian men. Migrants such as carpenter Wallace Collins grew “proud and strong” than homeland, where “owning a home was out of their welkin, a car … [an] impossibility.”
- underwent a process of proletarianization - Ramdin - “The Making of the Black Working Class.
- West Indian women, with Michael X. vowing to kill any white man “laying hands on a black woman” and fellow Racial Adjustment Action Society leader Roy Sawh assuming the role of knight- protector toward his “beautiful black sisters” against their depredations at the hands of “female members of the master race.”
13
Q
Gilroy (4)
A
- America-centred, consumer- oriented culture of blackness has become prominent. In this post-colonial setting, it conditions the dreams of many young Britons, irrespective of their ancestral origins or physical appearance
- Negative thinking is needed to generate more complex and challenging narratives which can repudiate … , ‘race’ is nothing special, a virtual reality given meaning only by the fact that racism endures.
- London during the 1980s had active anti-racist movement - posters such as “stamp out institutional racism now”. Then again, deniers like Scarman exist
14
Q
Davis (5)
A
- ‘Ranchmanism’ - persecution of tenants through coercion.
- A crisis in the London housing market was created in the late 1950s and early 1960s by a combination of pressure on central London land and the liberalization of rent control in 1957. The Act removed rent control from all unfurnished accommodation rated at more than £40—a process labelled ‘block decontrol’.
- Discrimination in the rental market was endemic, resulting in a differential rent—what Ruth Glass, in the Centre for Urban Studies’ survey of North Kensington, described as the ‘foreigners’ levy
- James MacColl, Labour MP and Paddington alderman, wrote of a house refused by its sitting tenant at £700, sold at £900 and resold to a West Indian at £2,400
- Labour was generally disposed to promote integration and racial harmony, and responded to the Notting Hill riots with a pledge to introduce anti-discrimination legislation when returned to office, but this general picture needs qualification
15
Q
Buettner (6)
A
- Although sexual relationships and marriages between white men and black women did occur in 1950s Britain, these received scarcely any public comment and nowhere near the same level of censure.
- Black male and white females were treated in equal distain
- In 1950s Britain, black men “corrupted” white women by taking them as sexual partners
- “acquiring a white girl” connoted social prestige
- “Immigrant who said that he was revenging himself on the Englishmen by sending their sisters on the streets”
- . White woman in partnership seen as deviant
16
Q
James
A
- Most were simply moving from one part of the British empire to another as British citizens
- The ‘Belmont Hospital Affair’, attack - 50 limbless, black soldiers who were patients in this Liverpool hospital, by some 500 to 600 white, racist soldiers
- Despite the pervasiveness of racism in Britain, the migrants came into contact with many decent white people. Friendships and alliances developed across racial lines in the workplace. One notable feature of the early years that has continued to the present was the large number of black migrants who (p.380) joined and became active in the trade unions
- Despite Thatcherism, the general British public gradually reconciled itself to a black presence. In the 1980s Bill Morris, a Jamaican immigrant, became the deputy general secretary and in 1991 the general secretary of Britain’s largest trade union, the Transport and General Workers Union.
17
Q
Multicultural Legislation
A
1976 Legislation – Commission for Racial Equality – prevention of racism
18
Q
What film was banned for having a Chinese man with a white woman?
A
1933 – The bitter Tea of General Yen – banned for having a Chinese man love a white woman
19
Q
What was one man’s response to the Germans post WWII
A
WWII made scientific racism untenable – though clear anti-Germanic sentiment pervades = “The only way to punish them is to castrate every prisoner of war before he’s released. Destroy the German race once and for all. Every healthy German citizen, man and woman, is a potential breeder of a future army in the making”
20
Q
What, according to Waters, happened to workers during WWII?
A
Chris Waters has argued, ‘formerly “a race apart,” workers were rapidly trans- formed into “the British common people,” taking up their new, and now apparently rightful, place in the national community
21
Q
Sun Headline
A
British people are not and have never been, racist. This country has always involved a reputation as a tolerant, welcoming haven for refugees and immigrants’ (Sun, 24.10.85)
22
Q
Kushner and Luhn
A
Baldwin rhetoric of Englishness did not provide capacity for multiracial identity
23
Q
What legislation was released in 1925 and what did it do?
A
Special Restriction (Coloured Alien Seamen) Order of 1925. - denied citizenship rights to coloured seamen
24
Q
Statement from the League of Coloured Peoples
A
If we are classed as aliens our brothers who have made the supreme sacrifice on various battle Welds of the Great War for the preservation, flag, prestige, honour and future welfare of the British Empire can be termed mercenaries
25
Q
Black population fluctuation 1920-30
A
Though estimates of the size of Britain’s black population are notoriously unreliable, all the evidence suggests that the black population declined in the 1920s (no doubt partly because of the terror, deportations, and state repression in 1919 and after) and increased in the 1930s
26
Q
What did Churchill oppose?
A
‘A magpie society’
27
Q
When was the first black member of the Cabinet appointed?
A
2003
