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SOC253 > Race, Ethnicity, and Migration > Flashcards

Race, Ethnicity, and Migration Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three key trends related to race, ethnicity and migration?

A

Proportion of women among migrants has increased rapidly; more than half the world’s migrants are women
Distinction between countries of origin, transit, and destination are blurring.
Temporary migration has become much more important and common.

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2
Q

List some factors contributing to the rapid increase in women migrants.

A

Demand for foreign labour in jobs traditionally worked by women.
Changing gender relations in countries means women have more independence
Domestic work
Marriage
Sex trafficking

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3
Q

What are some “push” factors leading to people migrating from their countries?

A

Poverty
Inequality
Repressive political systems
Blocked opportunity for mobility

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4
Q

Summarize the political economy approach to immigration.

A

Countries do not admit immigrants out of a sense of altruism but to supply employers with workers.

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5
Q

What are some reasons why, according to political economy approaches, immigrants may be attractive to employers? (3)

A

Save money by receiving workers that are already educated and trained
Immigrants are willing to take jobs that native-born workers avoid
Used by employers as a way to disorganize the working class

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6
Q

Why do some people have an issue with employers wanting immigrants to save money on education and training?

A

See it as a form of neocolonialism, where development aid is provided to rich, developed countries from poorer, less developed countries.

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7
Q

What is neoliberalism?

A

Set of assumptions about the proper functioning of the government in the era of globalization.

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8
Q

What are the 3 assumptions of neoliberalism?

A

Limited government; limited programs
Emphasis on self-sufficiency
Free markets are sufficient allocators of goods and services

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9
Q

What are some drawbacks of the political economy approach to immigration? (4)

A

Demographics matter (aging populations, low birth rates)
Humanitarianism is relevant
Policies arise from complex set of social relations
Immigrants are diverse

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10
Q

What are the three categories of permanent residents?

A

Economic immigrants, refugees or family-class immigrants

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11
Q

What are the two general ways to become a refugee in Canada?

A

Through the Refugee and Humanitarian Resettlement program
Through the in-Canada Asylum program

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12
Q

Who does the Refugee and Humanitarian Resettlement program apply to?

A

For people applying outside of Canada

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13
Q

What are the two classes of refugees under the Refugee and Humanitarian Resettlement program?

A

Convention refugee abroad class
Country of asylum class

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14
Q

Who does the convention refugee abroad class of refugees apply to?

A

People outside their country of citizenship or habitual residence and have a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, political opinion, nationality, or membership of a particular social group

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15
Q

Who does the country of asylum class of refugees apply to?

A

People outside their country of citizenship or habitual residence and are seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or who have been denied basic human rights on an ongoing basis

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16
Q

Who decides the legitimacy of claims under the Refugee and Humanitarian Resettlement program?

A

UNHCR

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17
Q

Who does the in-Canada Asylum Program apply to?

A

Those making refugee claims from within Canada

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18
Q

What are all refugee claimants in Canada entitled to?

A

All have the right to an oral hearing to determine the legitimacy of their case

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19
Q

Who qualifies as a refugee under the in-Canada Asylum Program?

A

If the Immigration and Refugee Board determines they are a convention refugee
OR
If they prove their removal from Canada to their country of origin would subject them to the possibility of torture, risk to life, or risk of cruel and unusual treatment or punishment.

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20
Q

What are the three mechanisms by which refugees from abroad are brought to Canada?

A

Government Sponsored Refugees
Privately Sponsored Refugees
Blended-Visa Office-Referred refugees

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21
Q

What are Government Sponsored Refugees?

A

Selected and supported for one year by the federal government

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22
Q

What are Privately Sponsored Refugees?

A

Refugees supported for one year by charitable organizations and groups of five ore more who act as their “sponsors”

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23
Q

What is the approximate cost of sponsoring a family of 4 refugees in Canada for one year?

A

$27,000

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24
Q

What are Blended-Visa Office-Referred refugees?

A

Refugees initially selected by the federal government and resettlement costs shared with sponsors

25
Q

What was the significant change made to the review of refugee applications in 2012?

A

Designated countries of origin - countries from the governments view that do not persecute their citizens and thus do not typically produce refugees.

26
Q

Describe Canada’s Safe Third Country Principle

A

Refugee claims must be made in the “safe” country in which they were last present
Intended to prevent asylum shopping
Cannot make a refugee claim in Canada if you’re coming from a “safe” country

27
Q

What is a problem with the safe third country program?

A

Not all “safe” countries accept refugees from the same source countries (e.g., US doesn’t generally accept Columbians, but Canada does)

28
Q

What is the largest category of immigrants to Canada?

A

Economic immigrants

29
Q

What are the 3 main categories of economic immigrants?

A

High-skilled workers
Caregivers
Provincial/territorial nominees

30
Q

What are the three programs that fall under the skilled workers category?

A

Federal Skilled Worker Program
Federal Skilled Trades program
Canadian Experience Class

31
Q

Who assess PR for economic immigrants?

A

Express Entry System

32
Q

When was the Express Entry System first introduced?

A

January 2015

33
Q

Outline the 2 steps in the Express Entry System process for Federal Skilled Workers

A

Determine if they are eligible to apply
Complete an Express Entry Profile

34
Q

What makes an individual eligible to apply as a Federal Skilled Worker under the Express Entry System?

A

Minimum of 67/100 points on the points system

35
Q

What is the business class of immigrants?

A

Business Immigration Program designed to admit individuals who can invest in or start a business in the country

36
Q

What are the two categories of business class immigrants?

A

Investors
Self-employed

37
Q

If approved as an investor in the business class of immigrants, what is a requirement?

A

Those approved must invest a minimum of $2 million in an Immigrant Investor Capital Fund

38
Q

What is the maximum amount of investors granted PR in Canada each year under the business class of immigrants?

A

60

39
Q

How does someone qualify as a self-employed business class immigrant?

A

Must have relevant experience and have the intention and ability to set up a business that, at minimum, will create employment for themselves.
Also have a revised points system with a much lower threshold

40
Q

What are the three criticisms of business class immigrants?

A

Ethical issues raised in association with what amounts to the sale PR status and a Canadian passport
Business immigrants can be characterized as “transnationals”
Some argue it helped create a “race-relations” problem in places such as Vancouver

41
Q

What are transnationals?

A

Individuals whose business interests as well as their identities and social and personal lives straddle more than one country.

42
Q

What are the two pilot programs for caregivers?

A

Home Child Care Provider Pilot
Home Support Worker Pilot

43
Q

When are the caregiver pilot programs due to expire?

A

2025

44
Q

When are caregivers able to apply for PR?

A

After working for two years in Canada and having at least one year of post-secondary education or its overseas equivalent

45
Q

Why do some say the caregiver is exploitative by its very nature?

A

Highly dependent on employers, making it difficult to say no
Also want to reach the two-year employment minimum, quitting could put this in jeopardy.

46
Q

What are provincial nominees?

A

Helps employers fill jobs for which there are no workers in Canada

47
Q

What are the demographics of caregivers?

A

Tend to be mainly women and most come from the Philippines or the Caribbean

48
Q

What would make someone qualified as a provincial nominee?

A

Individuals must have the skills, language abilities, education, and work experience needed to make an immediate economic contribution to the province/territory that nominated them

49
Q

Describe the family class of immigrants.

A

Individuals can sponsor spouses, parents, grandparents, dependent children, and children they intend to adopt, as well as orphaned brothers, sisters, nephews, nieces or grandchildren whom are under 18 and unmarried
Sponsors must agree to financially support family members for 3-20 years

50
Q

What does the length of time required to support a family class immigrant depend on?

A

Age and relationship

51
Q

Describe the difference in the proportion of family class immigrants in 1994 and 2017.

A

1994: 40% of total immigrants
2017: ~28%

52
Q

Why has the family class of immigrants declined?

A

Due in part to perceptions that family class immigrants make fewer positive economic contributions than other categories of PRs.

53
Q

What is another concern of the government related to family class immigrants and how is this curtailed?

A

Concerned that spouses are not in real relationships
Must live with spouse for at least 2 years
If relationship evolves, cannot sponsor a new partner for five years.

54
Q

What are the two classes of marginalized migrants?

A

Temporary workers and non-status immigrants.

55
Q

What are the two programs for temporary workers?

A

Temporary Foreign Worker Program
International Mobility Program

56
Q

How are marginalized migrants different from other migrant categories?

A

No right to PR and are admitted to Canada to do specific jobs for specific lengths of time.

57
Q

Why are there concerns over exploitation of marginalized migrants?

A

In some provinces such as ON, they are not protected by provincial labour standards pertaining to hours of work, time off between shifts, overtime pay, vacation pay, working on public holidays

58
Q

What are the 3 different circumstances that could lead to individuals being non-status immigrants?

A

Human trafficking
Visa over-stayers
Failed refugee claimants

SOC253 (5 decks)

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