race and immigration

Question 1

what Union caused the passing of 2 laws in 1920-25 against migrant workers?

how did they achieve this?

Answer 1

National Union of Seamen
demanded that white sailors could superseed blakc sailors - take their jobs.
1919 - liverpool white workers strike against working with black men

Question 2

what was the Alien Orders Act?

Answer 2

1920
* all migrant workers have to reguster with the police before seeking work
* many balck and Asian british citizens were also targeted as they were assumed to be migrants
* all pople of colour put under suspicion

Question 3

what was the Sepcial Restrictions Act?

Answer 3

1925
* forced coloured seamne to prove their citizenship
* assumed that all coloured people were not British

Question 4

how were Blakc and Asian people discriminated against 1918-39?

Answer 4

• 1919 balck chefs paid £15 less than white
• League of Coloured People - 80% of coloured people were unemployed for a prolonged period of time
• local police collaborated with white workers to force balck sailors out of their jobs

Question 5

examples of anti-racist groups in the 20s?

Answer 5

• communist party of great britian
• international african service bureau

Question 6

what was the battle of cable street?

Answer 6

clash of British Union of Facists with ethnic minorities and the Communist Party of Great Britain
1936
* attempt to incite anti-semetic ideology and violence in Lonadons East End
* CPGB redirected its own protests to stop the facists
* series of fights broke out forcng the BUF to abandon the march

Question 7

how were colonial students treated in british education?

Answer 7

• recieved good educaton
• expected to return to colonies to serve the empire
• not expected to stay in britian - those who did refused employment

Question 8

who was Harold Moody ?

what did he set up?

Answer 8

british qualified doctor that was repeatedly refused employment in hospitals

League of Coloured People 1931
* expose colour bar and white ignorance
* equal access to healthcare
* equal access to educational facilities

Question 9

how did migrants support the war effort (WW2)?

Answer 9

• offered steady pay and prestige
• Indina Army 2 million men - largest multi-ethnic volunteer force
• crucial to the war effort
• resources and manpower

Question 10

how was the war administration racist?

how long did this last?

Answer 10

• encouraged white australians rather than black carribeans
• refused carribean shipping company offer to send 2,000 jamacian workers to britian
• west indian soliders saw themselves as marginalised

mostly disappeared as the war went on but
* black people promotions rare
* intermarrying greatly discouraged

Question 11

how did the arrival of the American Army effect racism in the uk?

Answer 11

• US army segregated
• attempted to enforced segregation on broths forces - prevent balck american mixing with balck british
• Learie Constantine - refused accomdation as americans didnt want to use hoteks that served Black people

Question 12

what changing attitudes/opportunities were exposed after the war?

Answer 12

• all ex-servicement offerd education and training
• British state publically rejecxted racist discrimination (not criminalised)
• Constanties legal victory against Imperial Hotel
• Black Britions same rights as white

Question 13

how was the labour shortage post war dealt with?

Answer 13

• British Nationality Act 1948 - legal right for colonies to entre uk
• Windrush 1948 - mass migration from jamica

Question 14

how much did migration increase from 1939-59?

Answer 14

caribbean - 164,400
India/pankistan - 452,700

Question 15

how did immigrants find economic opportunities in the 50s?

Answer 15

• nightclubs and reggae music - Wilbert Augustus Campbell
• post office
• railways
• NHS

Question 16

how did both Labour and Conservative governments feel about the rising immigration of the 50s?

Answer 16

greatly discouraged it
* pressure on comonwealth countries to restrict availability of passports
* discussed liimits on coloured immigration however feared damaging interantional reputation

Question 17

how did white Britons react to rising immigration post war?

what was governments reaction?

Answer 17

• letters to MPs complainign about ethnic: jobs wealfare benifits and house ownership
• no comlaints about other whit immigrants only coloured

Lord Sailsbury - to counter discrimination would make more immgrants want to move to Britian, therfore should have no reaction to racism.

Question 18

examples of white violence?

Answer 18

• interracial relationships - coloured man often beaten by white men
• immigrants targeted as representative of those who rejected british rule (loss of colonies)
• blamed for socail and economic problems

Question 19

what was the Notting Hill Riots?

Answer 19

1958
* armed white mobs attacvked the residents of Notting Hill
* shouting racist slogans
* police did little to stop the attacks

Question 20

how did the Labour and Conservative parties utilise immigration to gain popularity?

Answer 20

• promise laws of restricting immigration
• minority appealed to popular racism

Question 21

what was the commonwealth imiigration act?

Answer 21

1962
* designed to end large-scale immigration
* allowed families to be reunited
* alowed specifically skilled workers or already hired foreigners to immigrate

Question 22

what was the commonwealth immigration act?

Answer 22

1968
* children denied entry if only 1 parent in britain
* over 17 denied
* had to prove a relation ot a briton

Question 23

what was the immigration act ?

Answer 23

1971
* partial : grandparents or parents are british - no restrictions
* non-partial : foreign grandparents / parents - strict control on immigration

Question 24

what were the consequences of the immigration acts of the 60s?

Answer 24

increase of mass migration
* many moved before the act
* those palnning to leave now stayed
* allowed families to be renited
* work vouchers allowed immigrants to come and work

Question 25

what caused the radicalisation of immigrant rights groups in the 60s-70s?

Answer 25

• conservative agggression towards immigrants “if you want a (N) for a neighbour vote labour”
• Labour despite previous support became more aggressive towards immigration mid-60s
• black radicals rejected mainstream politics

Question 26

examples of the British Balck Panther Party and the Race Today Collective pushing back against institutional racism

Answer 26

• 1971 - acknoledgemnet that the met is racist
• 1974 imperial typewriter strikes - forced white unions to support asian workers

Question 27

what were the 3 race relations acts introduced by labour?

Answer 27

1965,1968,1971
* banned racial discrimination in poublic sphere
* promotion of racial hate an offense
* illegal to refuse housing based on race
* illegal to refuse public services based on race

Question 28

how did the race relations backfire?

Answer 28

• many Black activist were arrested for insciting violene under the acts
• Roy Sawh most arrests under the 1965 act

Question 29

what was the “rivers of Blood” speech ?

consequences?

Answer 29

Enoch Powell 1968
* coloured people ahd more rights than white under new rce relations laws
* multi-culturalism would encourage segregation and violence
* advocated for re-emigration - government should fund this

• refelcted the widespread view of white popel against coloured people
• 74% of Britians agreed

Question 30

an example of the policy of dispersal in the 60s-70s?

Answer 30

• local government policies were that black people could not make up more than 30% of a school population.
• london students were bussed to other school districts
• ongoing desire for racial assmiliation.