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britain > changing living standards > Flashcards

changing living standards Flashcards

1
Q

how far did David Lloyd George’s “land fit for heroes to live in” become reality?

A
  • post war boom - frims change back to peacetime production
  • government did little to regulate production
    *

short lived as there was a rising class of unemployed, many ex-soldiers

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2
Q

what was the picture of unemployment in the 20s/30s?

A
  • never fell below 1 million
  • women sometimes able to maintain work - teachers, shop assistants, nurses
  • new industries - helped unemployment
  • 12% of new industries are in electrical appliances (new tech)
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3
Q

what were the regional differences in living standards in inter-war period?

A
  • decline of heavy industry (coal, iron cotton) mostly in the north
  • disparity between poor and wealthy parts of the country - north/sputh divide
  • south wales also suffered immensly during great depression - 40% unemployment (compared to 11% in london)
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4
Q

what did a 1933 survey conclude about the poorest families ?

hunger

A
  • unemployment benifits were not enough to support a family
  • not enought o provide minimum diet recommended by Ministry of Health
  • many familys saw meat as a rarity
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5
Q

what was the effect of the depression on womens nutrition specifically ?

A
  • more WC women went hungry than men
  • often to give to childrena dn men who were breadwinners
  • dispropotionate effect on woemns health
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6
Q

how did some people experience a growth in living standards during the Depression?

A
  • light industries grew - production of household appliances
  • more prosperous areas of south east experienced a consumer boom
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7
Q

post depression - what were some characteristics of the consumer boom?

A
  • electrial appliances - washing machines, cookers and vacuum cleaners
  • 300% increase in sales of elctrical cookers
  • greater amount of houses electrified - new suburban housing
  • advertising and favourable public/industry relations helped consumer boom
  • teen culture - spending money on clothes and music
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8
Q

post depression - how did food and nutition improve?

A
  • import of fresh fruit and more variety of food
  • (many still believed that fresh fruit was harmful to children and preffered canned fruit)
  • prices for basicas fell - bread, milk ect.
  • increase in fish and chip shops 20,000 (affordable for the average family)
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9
Q

post depression - how di the housing situation improve?

A
  • many moved into council houses in the suburbs
  • 90% of houses built were new estates
  • government policy made house ownership rise - older housing in less affluent areas were less than a small car
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10
Q

ww2 - how did rationing effect food and nutrition?

A

positives
* allowed all people regardless of class access to equal food and nutrition
* ministry of food 1940 - all food and luxuary food allocated by ration cards
* average health actually improved due to rationing
* infant mortality fell

negatives
* still a lack of favourable food
* national loaf - unpleasant bread allocated to people due to lack of white flour
* limited fish and meat

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11
Q

how did working conditions and benifits improve during and after the war?

A
  • new jobs were created
  • civillian munitions - good pay and working conditions thanks t o trade unions
  • average pay increased
  • creches (childcare) was set upnto allow women to work in mnitions - earn on money
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12
Q

how was rationing distributed post war?

A

labour government forced to continue - especially bread
most hated measure by much of the population
clothing and wood was also rationed until late 40s
utility furniture - minimal wood used - restricted to newly married couples effected by the war.

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13
Q

why was rationing contiued after the war?

A
  • britian bankrupted by the war
  • alot of food was imported and britain lacked the foreign currency reserves to properly finance these imports
  • USA stopped giving mony to britain inn1945 - lend-lease agreement
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14
Q

why was winter 1946-47 particuarly significant ?

A
  • exposed the economic fragility
  • coal shortages due to war made a normally uneventful winter devestating
  • increased strain on the national grid - only allowed 19hrs a day of electricity
  • food reseves also declined due to poor conditions
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15
Q

how was the problem of housing post war dealt with?

A
  • pre-fabricated homes -made of wood, quick and cheap to build
  • 1944 Temporary Housign Act - Excalibur Estate, built in anticipation of post-war housing needs
  • pre-fbricated hpuses not luxuary but any reported satisfaction
  • block flats - appeared to be an easy solution
  • new towns act 1946
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16
Q

what was the new twons act?

A

1946
* government seen as having a social responsibility to improve WC housing
* 14 new housing towns created
* releive overcrowed cities
* represented improvement instandard of living for WC

17
Q

what were cahracteristics of the “aflluent scoiety”?

A
  • post war sustained improvement in standard of living
  • rise in idividual spending power
  • global economic boom
  • welfare state
  • committment to full employement
  • stong trade unions - increase in wages
18
Q

what was the significance of macmillans statement “most of our people had never had it so good”?

A
  • showed the 50s economy had improved
  • mixed economy (welfare state and sucessful private industry) provided for the nation effectively
  • problems still remained - poverty still pervasive
19
Q

why was there a consumer boom in the 50s-60s?

wages

A

wages in 1959 were 2x what they were in 1950

20
Q

consumer boom - how did the prevelance of labour saving devices change role of women?

why were women advertised to?

A
  • allowed women more free time
  • empowered housewives - domination of the kitchen through electrical devices

women were more often than not in charge of the household budget

21
Q

how did many WC families participate in the consumer boom 60s?

how was this viewed in society?

A

consumer credit
relaxed in 1954 - borrowing increased the rate of consumerism

inter-war years saw credit as immorral and not repectable but 50s-60s began to socailly relax

22
Q

what were some cultural criticisms of the consumer boom?

A
  • “admass” J.B Priestley - consumerism encouraged suiperficiality
  • fears that domination of american brands served to “americanise” british culture
23
Q

how many people lived below the poverty line in 1967?

A

7.5 million

24
Q

what were some of the failures of high-rise flats in the 60s?

A
  • cold and damp
  • 1968 - explosion, builders used newspaper instead of concrete in some places
  • structurally unsound
  • park hill
25
Q

what were the park hill flats

post. neg.

A

1961
face to face font doors to maintain community
in decline - poor noise insulation and rise in crime
park hill had a long history of crime (cannot be blamed on the government/planners)

britain (17 decks)

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