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DCCJ > Race > Flashcards

Race Flashcards

1
Q

What % of the UK is white (Census 2011)?

A

86%

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2
Q

What % of the UK is Asian (census 2011)?

A

7.5%

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3
Q

What % of the UK is Black (census 2011)?

A

3.3%

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4
Q

How many times more likely are blacks stopped and searched than whites?

A

7 times

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5
Q

How many times more likely are asians stopped ad searched than whites?

A

2 times

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6
Q

Blacks are … times more likely to be arrested than whites?

A

3 times

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7
Q

BME groups are over-represented in arrests for what offence categories?

A

ALL - especially fraud, robbery and drug offences

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8
Q

Are Asians over-represented in arrest statistics?

A

No

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9
Q

Compared to whites, are blacks more likely to be charged?

A

Yes

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10
Q

Compared to whites, are blacks more likely to be cautioned?

A

NO - less likely

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11
Q

Racial ‘stereotyping’ or ‘profiling’ is…

A

a common problem apparent in the Police

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12
Q

Over-representation of black people CAN or CANNOT be explained primarily by cumulative discrimination at each stage of the CJS?

A

CANNOT

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13
Q

There IS or IS NOT evidence of racial prejudice in Police culture?

A

THERE IS

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14
Q

The so-called ‘dark figure’ of crime means that…

A

accurate comparison of crime levels between different ethnic groups is problematic/not possible

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15
Q

A problem with ethnic categories is that…

A

they are so broad they become meaningless

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16
Q

Direct discrimination (in stop and search) would be…

A

An officer racially stereotyping an individual e.g. stop Asian with bacpack

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17
Q

Indirect discrimination (in stop and search) would be…

A

Higher number of BME individuals stopped in London - cos there are more BME individuals there

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18
Q

Graham and Bowling (1995) self report study found that young black men…

A

reported similar levels of offending to whites, young asian men reported less offending

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19
Q

Is there a significant difference in overall crime risk between groups (although ‘mixed’ group at higher risk)

A

2004/5 BCS shows little significant difference - but ‘mixed groups’ have hiher risk

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20
Q

For violent crimes, the rates of victimisation are…

A

similar: whites & blacks - 4%, Asian - 3% and Mixed - 7%

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21
Q

For household crimes … and … have slightly higher rates than … and …

A

asian and mixed are higher than white and black

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22
Q

How many times more likely are Blacks victims of homicide?

A

5 times

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23
Q

How many times more likely are Asians victims of homicide?

A

2 times

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24
Q

A high proportion of gun crime has…

A

black victims (1/3 in total)

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25
Q

racially-motivated crime victimisation is significantly higher for … and …

A

blacks and asians

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26
Q

Statistics suggest that SOCIAL BACKGROUND is more predictive of victimisation than…

A

ethnicity

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27
Q

social background factors are…

A

socio-economic status, lifestyle, occupation, area of residence, demographic factors e.g. age

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28
Q

What are the 3 theories of crime related to Race?

A
  1. Right realism - Murray
  2. Radical Analyses - Gilroy, Hall
  3. Left Realism - Lea and Young
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29
Q

What is Right Realism? (Murray)

A

Poor people are bound to offend by their nature/unstable family/employment/ chaotic livelihood

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30
Q

What are the radical analyses? (opposite of right)

A

moral panic surrounding offenders and media creates ‘folk devils’

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31
Q

What is left realism? (most British criminologists)

A 
emphasise the reality of crime for working class people - the vicious cycle of disadvantage-offending-labelling-disadvantage.
want to reduce social exclusion of BME and racial inequality
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32
Q

The role of socio-economic disadvantage is that…

A

Ethnic minorities are over-represented in those social groups (unemployed, low income etc) and in those geographical areas (inner-cities) that have both elevated offending rates and are more likely to be caught and labelled by the CJS

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33
Q

Urban conflict 1970’s-2011 has resulted in…

A

tense, mistrusting, suspicious relations between the police and BME groups

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34
Q

Reiner’s (2010) definition of cop culture

A

“The way that police officers view their social world and their place in it”

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35
Q

Core values of cop culture are…

A 
Mission
Suspicion
Social isolation
Group solidarity
Conservatism
Machismo
Racial prejudice
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36
Q

cop culture is oral which means…

and…

A

disparity between what they say (in the canteen) and what they do
AND it differs to rank/location/specialism

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37
Q

BME officers are severely under-represented in the police - true or false?

A

TRUE (but it is getting better slowly)

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38
Q

What % of Police are from ethnic minorities?

A

5% (compared to 7% of the working population)

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39
Q

Is under-representation worse at senior levels?

A

Yes

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40
Q

At recruitment level, what causes under-representation?

A

Disproportionately low rate of applications from BME communities

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41
Q

Of all applicants, is it true that BME success rate is lower than whites?

A

Yes, 20% vs 25%

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42
Q

Retention and BME…

A

BME officers are ml2b dismissed or forced to resign than white officers (Runnymede Trust, 2009)

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43
Q

BME officers ml2 resign because… (5 reasons)

A
  1. face racial abuse or ‘banter’ from colleagues,
  2. lack of support when racial complaints are made
  3. Disproportionately investigated in internal misconduct investigations
  4. Promotion/move to specialist squads if restricted
  5. Marginalisation/isolation
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44
Q

Vertical segregation affects BME officers…

A

fewer are promoted and later into their career (it takes longer) as they are less likely (or encouraged) to apply, and less likely to pass required tests

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45
Q

Horizontal segregation affects BME officers…

A

underrepresented in elite squads and over-represented in community relations, patrolling posts

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46
Q

Direct discrimination in employing BME officers occurs at recruitment, promotion stages? (difficult to prove!)

A

recruitment - UNLIKELY as Police under pressure to recruit BME people
promotion - anecdotal evidence suggests YES

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47
Q

BME officers are ml2 face disciplinary/tribunals?

A

TRUE

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48
Q

Direct and Indirect discrimination are both…

A

ILLEGAL

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49
Q

Types of indirect discrimination are…

A

rules such as minimum height (anti asian) and must wear hat (made turbans)
lack of support and training with BME groups

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50
Q

How are the Police trying to improve institutional discrimination?

A
  1. Recruitment - targeted camp
  2. Training - community and race relations
  3. More disciplinary/investigation for discrimination
  4. Trying to improve their image with BME
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51
Q

Legal policies to improve BME relations

A

Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 - Equalities Act 2010

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52
Q

Crown Prosecution Service is fairly well represented at … %
The Judiciary is…
And for Senior judges

A

15%
even lower, 4%
even lower!
2%

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53
Q

Magistrates court deal with … % of crime?

A

95%

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54
Q

Crown court deals with …% of crime?

A

5% - more serious crimes so ml2be longer sentences

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55
Q

Discrimination occurs where … is high

A

discretion

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56
Q

Judicial discretion results in…

A

more opportunities for discrimination as Judges can be biased

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57
Q

Overall the prison population is…

A

GROWING - regardless of ethnicity, if people are guilty they are likely to go to prison for longer

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58
Q

at the prosecution stage, there is…

A

limited discretion so discrimination is minimal

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59
Q

CPS objections to bail are slightly higher for…

A

black offenders

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60
Q

on average, black offenders are less likely to plead guilty: true or false?

A

true

61
Q

Discontinuance rates are significantly higher for BMAE - more cases are ‘thrown out’ which indicates…

A

discrimination (police bias) happens more in arrest stage - later it is found there is insufficient evidence to prosecute

62
Q

CPS can act as a buffer to alleviate

A

police bias/discrimination of which there are still pockets of ‘institutionalised racism’

63
Q

The Magistrates Court decides Bail/Remand in custody which…

A

influences later sentencing decisions - seen as dangerous? remand = higher rate of conviction/custody

64
Q

are black men more likely to be kept in custody than whites?

A

yes

65
Q

why are black men more likely to be kept in custody than whites?

A

decision based on appearance/stability of employment/family - BME groups more likely to be socially disadvantaged (so its class + ethnicity)

66
Q

what are the bail decision-making criteria? (4)

A
  1. severity of offence
  2. risk of non-appearance
  3. obstruction of justice (witnesses in danger/jury threatened?)
  4. risk to the public
67
Q

the underlying problem of examining discrimination in the CJS is…

A

it is extremely difficult to prove but we know it is there! (but gradually improving)

68
Q

Committals to Crown Court are higher for BME groups - true or false?

A

TRUE

69
Q

BME groups are more likely to request a jury trial (crown court) - why?

A

because there is more room for magistrates without jury to discriminate

70
Q

acquittal rates are higher or lower for BME groups?

A

higher - ml2be found not guilty

71
Q

there is … evidence of direct discrimination in Magistrates custody decision and sentence length

A

not much

72
Q

with non-custodial sentences, there is .. evidence of bias…

A

some evidence of bias (black defendants more likely than similar white defendants to get more restrictive community sentence)

73
Q

In committal, conviction and sentencing decisions, if we compare similar defendants, the ethnic bias is…

A

minimal

74
Q

Barclay and Mhlanga (2000) found acquittal rates in Crown courts to be … for BME groups?

A

Higher - ml2be found innocent

75
Q

ethnic minorities (esp. blacks) are less likely to plead guilty true or false?

A

true! significantly more likely so fewer guilty plea discounts = BME’s appear to have longer sentences

76
Q

sentencing affected by personal/social factors which results in indirectly discriminatory sentences - true or false?

A

true - BME and white working class are overrepresented in poor social conditions - so harsher punishment for yobs

77
Q

Hood (1992) found that Black and Asian defendants on average receive longer sentences than similar white defendants and are ml2b convicted… true or false?

A

true

78
Q

Black and Asian defendants on average receive longer sentences than similar white defendants and are ml2b convicted but why the difference?

A

(70%) explained by nature of offences committed e.g. Severity of offence
30% - social factors (record)
7% - unexplained variation suggests possible direct racial discrimination!

79
Q

Flood-Page and Mackie (1998) found there to be … evidence of racial bias at sentencing stage

A

Little evidence of racial bias at sentencing stage based on racial discrimination overall once all legally relevant variables controlled for

80
Q

‘Legally relevant’ variables are…

A

(seriousness of offence, culpability, harm, previous convictions, risk to public, guilty plea)

81
Q

discrimination is most likely to happen at stop and seach stage because…

A

BME groups disproportionately targeted/watched by the Police - if you stop more black people, you will find more black offenders

82
Q

can ‘Cumulative bias’ explain prison imbalance?

A

no - it is not that gradual increase of bias at each stage results in harsher sentencing and severely unequal treatment

83
Q

prosecution and the courts are more ethnically representative than other parts of the CJS , true or false?

A

True

84
Q

is there strong evidence of direct, significant racial bias as primary explanation for disparities in sentencing between groups?

A

NO

85
Q

there is a small proportion of variation in Crown Court sentencing that suggests…

A

direct discrimination of BME but social factors must be considered

86
Q

there is a law to combat class discrimination?

A

false

87
Q

sentencing is considered an art, therefore…

A

moves to make sentencing guidelines rigid and remove judicial discretion are opposed

88
Q

BME groups are considered structurally disadvataged?

A

true

89
Q

making drugs a health issue and not a legal issue may..

A

limit discretion-discrimination in stop and searches, young black males would not be targeted as much on the pretence of looking for drugs

90
Q

social adversity mitigation is…

A

radical lawyers have suggested that offenders who are ‘structurally disadvantaged’ (BME) should have a lesser sentence - gay????

91
Q

making juries more representative would have minimal/moderate/strong effect onn eliminating discrimination?

A

minimal - discrimination is structural and not really the individual’s fault

92
Q

Probation staffing are … representative than the Police

A

reasonably well represented - 14% are BME

93
Q

Order the Police, the Probation service and the CPS in order of representativeness

A
  1. CPS
  2. Probation Service
  3. Police
94
Q

Are BME groups over-represented or under-represented in the Probation service (clients) ?

A

Over-representation of BME - 14%

95
Q

True or false, there is evidence of differential treatment of BME in the probation service?

A

True

96
Q

what forms of differential treatment are there in the Probation service?

A
  1. pre-sentence reports: black men more frequently classed as risky/threat
  2. Culturally insensitive programmes that were made when the UK was more homogenous
  3. OR special programmes considered stigmatising by BME offenders
97
Q

discrimination in the probation service is …. to prove?`

A

very hard to prove - discrimination often due to class more than ethnicity

98
Q

is there evidence of direct discrimination in the probation service?

A

more in earlier studies, less in more recent studies: who knows how privatisation will have affected it? but, YES ITS JUST HARD TO MEASURE

99
Q

BME prisoners are over-represented in prison?

A

TRUE - 26% of prison population are BME

100
Q

over-representation in prison differs according to group, true or false?

A

true - black men severely overrepresented, chinese women severely underrepresented

101
Q

the number of muslims in custody has…

A

increased fairly significantly since the late 1990’s

102
Q

BME prison staff are over/under?

A

underrepresented: 6% of prison staff are BME (better than Police still)

103
Q

is there differential treatment of BME groups in prison?

A

yes

104
Q

examples of differential treatment of BME groups in prison… (4)

A
  1. racially-motivated assault by prisoners AND guards
  2. prison guard attitudes once really racist now diminishing
  3. risk assessment and security categorisation
  4. job allocation
105
Q

Prison - risk assessment and security categorisation, blacks are… (5)

A
  1. ml2b classed as high risk
  2. ml2b dispersed away from families (lose bonds)
  3. ml2b not on ‘good behaviour’ so don’t get privileges
  4. not get good job allocations in prison
  5. ml2b disciplined for bad behaviour - means sentences extended
106
Q

discrimination happens in prison because…

A

guards have a lot more discretion and historically have been racist

107
Q

improvement in prisons for multi-cultural purposes have happened…

A

dietary requirements and multi-faith rooms are now available

108
Q

crucially, blacks in prison perceive…

A

that they get treated differently, more harshly, not privy to the same ‘good behaviour’ rewards e.g. nice work assignments

109
Q

Martin Narey (2001) said that…

A

the Prison Service is an institutionally racist organisation, which reflects an institutionally racist white society

110
Q

there is evidence of direct discrimination in prison -takes 3 forms…

A
  1. racist violence/abuse by inmates and staff
  2. discretionary decisions (good behaviour, work allocations etc.) are based on ‘risk’ - blacks often classed as ‘riskier’
  3. BME prisoners SAY officer decisions influenced by racial stereotypes
111
Q

pockets of unlawful discrimination were found at 3 prisons (parc, feltham and brixton) BUT…

A

generally, the prison service is not uniformly racially discriminatory - some prisons better than others (depends on officers culture)

112
Q

Policies that were designed for an ethnically homogenous society are outdated and the prison service has…

A

tried harder than most areas to stop inappropriate (racist) behaviour by prison officers and hire BME staff

113
Q

The race relations act (2000) basically…

A

outlawed racial discrimination (direct and indirect) in all public bodies - promotes equality of opportunity and ‘good relations’

114
Q

to improve prison discrimination.. (3)

there is concern over how prison is experienced by BME/women

A
  1. need to make staff more divere, retain them and ensure equal opportunities for promotion etc.
  2. improve training - racist language is unacceptable!
  3. Review decision-making processes: prisoner ‘good behaviour’ or risk status
115
Q

cuts to overall prison budget have made…

A

improving race relations less of a priority/harder to achieve

116
Q

Criminal Justice outcomes are shaped by COMPLEX and VARIED social factors… (3)

A
  1. structural racial inequalities
  2. socio-economic disadvantage increases some people’s risk of offending
  3. Police ml2 encounter poor/BME groups on street so they are there to be stopped/searched
117
Q

direct and indirect discrim are apparent at each level of the CJS - true or false?

A

true

118
Q

The CJS has an ‘amplification effect’ on wider racial inequalities, - true or false?

A

TRUE - but does not itself cause them.

direct and indirect discrim only partly explain unequal justice outcomes

119
Q

discrimination by CJS is shaped by…

A

the wider social inequality in terms of class and ethnicity - we need a more equal society!

120
Q

The Macpherson investigation into the Stephen Lawrence murder found…

A

professional incompetence, institutional racism and failure of leadership by senior officers. They found prejudice, discrimination and ignorance amongst the police force.

121
Q

BCS 2000 found that (4) were more important risk factors than ethnicity in victimisation

A

age, income, employment and inner city residence

122
Q

risk of victimisation is … or BME groups

A

significantly higher

123
Q

are blacks and asians ml2b arrested following S&S than whites?

A

yes

124
Q

for blacks, the likelihood of prosecution/caution is higher/lower than whites?

A

higher

125
Q

BME groups are ml2 live in socially-deprived areas where there is more crime, so…

A

BME groups are overrepresented in both vicimisation and offending categories
- attributed to over-policing troubled areas

126
Q

‘targeting the available population’ means…

A

BME/poor/unemployed/homeless are ml2b out at night, have night jobs and be vulnerable to off&vic and police S&S’s

127
Q

The Age Profile means…

A

males aged 16-24 are most prolific offenders - so Police ml2 S&S young BME males

128
Q

Blacks (and mixed-race) are overrepresented at every stage of CJS - true or false?

A

true

129
Q

Asians are overrepresented at every stage of CJS - true or false?

A

false - only at stop and search and prison stage

130
Q

who are the biggest victims of religiously-motivated crime?

A

asians

131
Q

direct discrimination is when…

A

someone is treated less favourably due to their race, sex, marital status, religion, sexual orientation or gender

132
Q

indirect discrimination is when…

A

a practice, policy or rule which applies to everyone in the same way, but it puts some at more of a disadvantage than others e.g. minimal height requirement for police officers.

133
Q

risk of personal victimisation significantly higher for BME adults - true or false?

A

true

134
Q

Terrorism Act removed the …

A

need for ‘reasonable suspicion to stop and search’ - enabled more discretion and consequently furhter discrim

135
Q

over-policing of certain areas or groups results in…

A

distorted figures as more offenders are caught/stopped (because they are in that area)

136
Q

Graham and Bowling (1995) self-report study found that whites and blacks…

A

report similar levels of offending

137
Q

institutional racism is no longer considered relevant to Police practice - true or false?

A

true (Casciani, 2009)

138
Q

the most discrimination occurs where?

A

where officers have the broadest discretion (i.e. in being able to stop and search people without having reasonable suspicion) and officers own attitudes influence decision-making.

139
Q

different crime rates can be explained by different cultures of ethnic groups

A

false - social deprivation factors have far more influence

140
Q

the ethnic categories used to compare criminal justice outcomes are…

A

too crude/broad

141
Q

Comparing official statistics and self-report data shows that the overrepresentation of some ethnic groups…

A

is not a true picture of their actual offending.

142
Q

according to self-report studies, whites offend more than any other category, true or false?

A

true - . Young white males reported significantly higher drug use than young black males, yet the black group was substantially overrepresented in the youth justice system for drug offences

143
Q

black people and Asians were more likely than white people to be arrested and charged when there was not sufficient evidence to proceed with a prosecution against them - true or false?

A

true! Phillips and Brown (1998) - consistent finding that indicates how police intervention has most room for discrimination/prejudice

144
Q

BME police officers are less likely to…

A

be promoted, be encouraged to seek promotion, stay in the job longer than whites, experience the same job satisfaction

145
Q

discriminatory bias is often the result of … rather than …

A

unconcious prejudices/stereotypes rather than deliberate discrim

146
Q

young black males are twice as likely to go to prison at some point than their white counterparts?

A

true!

147
Q

black offenders are more likely to receive longer sentences - true or false?

A

true

148
Q

generally speaking, BME (esp. blacks) are at a disadvantage compared to whites in the CJS…

A
  1. ml2 go to crown court
  2. ml2 receive harsher sentence
  3. in prison, ‘good behaviour’ not rewarded and blacks get shit jobs and ml2b disciplined

DCCJ (3 decks)

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