Race Flashcards
1
Q
What % of the UK is white (Census 2011)?
A
86%
2
Q
What % of the UK is Asian (census 2011)?
A
7.5%
3
Q
What % of the UK is Black (census 2011)?
A
3.3%
4
Q
How many times more likely are blacks stopped and searched than whites?
A
7 times
5
Q
How many times more likely are asians stopped ad searched than whites?
A
2 times
6
Q
Blacks are … times more likely to be arrested than whites?
A
3 times
7
Q
BME groups are over-represented in arrests for what offence categories?
A
ALL - especially fraud, robbery and drug offences
8
Q
Are Asians over-represented in arrest statistics?
A
No
9
Q
Compared to whites, are blacks more likely to be charged?
A
Yes
10
Q
Compared to whites, are blacks more likely to be cautioned?
A
NO - less likely
11
Q
Racial ‘stereotyping’ or ‘profiling’ is…
A
a common problem apparent in the Police
12
Q
Over-representation of black people CAN or CANNOT be explained primarily by cumulative discrimination at each stage of the CJS?
A
CANNOT
13
Q
There IS or IS NOT evidence of racial prejudice in Police culture?
A
THERE IS
14
Q
The so-called ‘dark figure’ of crime means that…
A
accurate comparison of crime levels between different ethnic groups is problematic/not possible
15
Q
A problem with ethnic categories is that…
A
they are so broad they become meaningless
16
Q
Direct discrimination (in stop and search) would be…
A
An officer racially stereotyping an individual e.g. stop Asian with bacpack
17
Q
Indirect discrimination (in stop and search) would be…
A
Higher number of BME individuals stopped in London - cos there are more BME individuals there
18
Q
Graham and Bowling (1995) self report study found that young black men…
A
reported similar levels of offending to whites, young asian men reported less offending
19
Q
Is there a significant difference in overall crime risk between groups (although ‘mixed’ group at higher risk)
A
2004/5 BCS shows little significant difference - but ‘mixed groups’ have hiher risk
20
Q
For violent crimes, the rates of victimisation are…
A
similar: whites & blacks - 4%, Asian - 3% and Mixed - 7%
21
Q
For household crimes … and … have slightly higher rates than … and …
A
asian and mixed are higher than white and black
22
Q
How many times more likely are Blacks victims of homicide?
A
5 times
23
Q
How many times more likely are Asians victims of homicide?
A
2 times
24
Q
A high proportion of gun crime has…
A
black victims (1/3 in total)
25
racially-motivated crime victimisation is significantly higher for ... and ...
blacks and asians
26
Statistics suggest that SOCIAL BACKGROUND is more predictive of victimisation than...
ethnicity
27
social background factors are...
socio-economic status, lifestyle, occupation, area of residence, demographic factors e.g. age
28
What are the 3 theories of crime related to Race?
1. Right realism - Murray
2. Radical Analyses - Gilroy, Hall
3. Left Realism - Lea and Young
29
What is Right Realism? (Murray)
Poor people are bound to offend by their nature/unstable family/employment/ chaotic livelihood
30
What are the radical analyses? (opposite of right)
moral panic surrounding offenders and media creates 'folk devils'
31
What is left realism? (most British criminologists)
```
emphasise the reality of crime for working class people - the vicious cycle of disadvantage-offending-labelling-disadvantage.
want to reduce social exclusion of BME and racial inequality
```
32
The role of socio-economic disadvantage is that...
Ethnic minorities are over-represented in those social groups (unemployed, low income etc) and in those geographical areas (inner-cities) that have both elevated offending rates and are more likely to be caught and labelled by the CJS
33
Urban conflict 1970's-2011 has resulted in...
tense, mistrusting, suspicious relations between the police and BME groups
34
Reiner's (2010) definition of cop culture
“The way that police officers view their social world and their place in it”
35
Core values of cop culture are...
```
Mission
Suspicion
Social isolation
Group solidarity
Conservatism
Machismo
Racial prejudice
```
36
cop culture is oral which means...
| and...
disparity between what they say (in the canteen) and what they do
AND it differs to rank/location/specialism
37
BME officers are severely under-represented in the police - true or false?
TRUE (but it is getting better slowly)
38
What % of Police are from ethnic minorities?
5% (compared to 7% of the working population)
39
Is under-representation worse at senior levels?
Yes
40
At recruitment level, what causes under-representation?
Disproportionately low rate of applications from BME communities
41
Of all applicants, is it true that BME success rate is lower than whites?
Yes, 20% vs 25%
42
Retention and BME...
BME officers are ml2b dismissed or forced to resign than white officers (Runnymede Trust, 2009)
43
BME officers ml2 resign because... (5 reasons)
1. face racial abuse or 'banter' from colleagues,
2. lack of support when racial complaints are made
3. Disproportionately investigated in internal misconduct investigations
4. Promotion/move to specialist squads if restricted
5. Marginalisation/isolation
44
Vertical segregation affects BME officers...
fewer are promoted and later into their career (it takes longer) as they are less likely (or encouraged) to apply, and less likely to pass required tests
45
Horizontal segregation affects BME officers...
underrepresented in elite squads and over-represented in community relations, patrolling posts
46
Direct discrimination in employing BME officers occurs at recruitment, promotion stages? (difficult to prove!)
recruitment - UNLIKELY as Police under pressure to recruit BME people
promotion - anecdotal evidence suggests YES
47
BME officers are ml2 face disciplinary/tribunals?
TRUE
48
Direct and Indirect discrimination are both...
ILLEGAL
49
Types of indirect discrimination are...
rules such as minimum height (anti asian) and must wear hat (made turbans)
lack of support and training with BME groups
50
How are the Police trying to improve institutional discrimination?
1. Recruitment - targeted camp
2. Training - community and race relations
3. More disciplinary/investigation for discrimination
4. Trying to improve their image with BME
51
Legal policies to improve BME relations
Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 - Equalities Act 2010
52
Crown Prosecution Service is fairly well represented at ... %
The Judiciary is...
And for Senior judges
15%
even lower, 4%
even lower!
2%
53
Magistrates court deal with ... % of crime?
95%
54
Crown court deals with ...% of crime?
5% - more serious crimes so ml2be longer sentences
55
Discrimination occurs where ... is high
discretion
56
Judicial discretion results in...
more opportunities for discrimination as Judges can be biased
57
Overall the prison population is...
GROWING - regardless of ethnicity, if people are guilty they are likely to go to prison for longer
58
at the prosecution stage, there is...
limited discretion so discrimination is minimal
59
CPS objections to bail are slightly higher for...
black offenders
60
on average, black offenders are less likely to plead guilty: true or false?
true
61
Discontinuance rates are significantly higher for BMAE - more cases are 'thrown out' which indicates...
discrimination (police bias) happens more in arrest stage - later it is found there is insufficient evidence to prosecute
62
CPS can act as a buffer to alleviate
police bias/discrimination of which there are still pockets of 'institutionalised racism'
63
The Magistrates Court decides Bail/Remand in custody which...
influences later sentencing decisions - seen as dangerous? remand = higher rate of conviction/custody
64
are black men more likely to be kept in custody than whites?
yes
65
why are black men more likely to be kept in custody than whites?
decision based on appearance/stability of employment/family - BME groups more likely to be socially disadvantaged (so its class + ethnicity)
66
what are the bail decision-making criteria? (4)
1. severity of offence
2. risk of non-appearance
3. obstruction of justice (witnesses in danger/jury threatened?)
4. risk to the public
67
the underlying problem of examining discrimination in the CJS is...
it is extremely difficult to prove but we know it is there! (but gradually improving)
68
Committals to Crown Court are higher for BME groups - true or false?
TRUE
69
BME groups are more likely to request a jury trial (crown court) - why?
because there is more room for magistrates without jury to discriminate
70
acquittal rates are higher or lower for BME groups?
higher - ml2be found not guilty
71
there is ... evidence of direct discrimination in Magistrates custody decision and sentence length
not much
72
with non-custodial sentences, there is .. evidence of bias...
some evidence of bias (black defendants more likely than similar white defendants to get more restrictive community sentence)
73
In committal, conviction and sentencing decisions, if we compare similar defendants, the ethnic bias is...
minimal
74
Barclay and Mhlanga (2000) found acquittal rates in Crown courts to be ... for BME groups?
Higher - ml2be found innocent
75
ethnic minorities (esp. blacks) are less likely to plead guilty true or false?
true! significantly more likely so fewer guilty plea discounts = BME's appear to have longer sentences
76
sentencing affected by personal/social factors which results in indirectly discriminatory sentences - true or false?
true - BME and white working class are overrepresented in poor social conditions - so harsher punishment for yobs
77
Hood (1992) found that Black and Asian defendants on average receive longer sentences than similar white defendants and are ml2b convicted... true or false?
true
78
Black and Asian defendants on average receive longer sentences than similar white defendants and are ml2b convicted but why the difference?
(70%) explained by nature of offences committed e.g. Severity of offence
30% - social factors (record)
7% - unexplained variation suggests possible direct racial discrimination!
79
Flood-Page and Mackie (1998) found there to be ... evidence of racial bias at sentencing stage
Little evidence of racial bias at sentencing stage based on racial discrimination overall once all legally relevant variables controlled for
80
'Legally relevant' variables are...
(seriousness of offence, culpability, harm, previous convictions, risk to public, guilty plea)
81
discrimination is most likely to happen at stop and seach stage because...
BME groups disproportionately targeted/watched by the Police - if you stop more black people, you will find more black offenders
82
can 'Cumulative bias' explain prison imbalance?
no - it is not that gradual increase of bias at each stage results in harsher sentencing and severely unequal treatment
83
prosecution and the courts are more ethnically representative than other parts of the CJS , true or false?
True
84
is there strong evidence of direct, significant racial bias as primary explanation for disparities in sentencing between groups?
NO
85
there is a small proportion of variation in Crown Court sentencing that suggests...
direct discrimination of BME but social factors must be considered
86
there is a law to combat class discrimination?
false
87
sentencing is considered an art, therefore...
moves to make sentencing guidelines rigid and remove judicial discretion are opposed
88
BME groups are considered structurally disadvataged?
true
89
making drugs a health issue and not a legal issue may..
limit discretion-discrimination in stop and searches, young black males would not be targeted as much on the pretence of looking for drugs
90
social adversity mitigation is...
radical lawyers have suggested that offenders who are 'structurally disadvantaged' (BME) should have a lesser sentence - gay????
91
making juries more representative would have minimal/moderate/strong effect onn eliminating discrimination?
minimal - discrimination is structural and not really the individual's fault
92
Probation staffing are ... representative than the Police
reasonably well represented - 14% are BME
93
Order the Police, the Probation service and the CPS in order of representativeness
1. CPS
2. Probation Service
3. Police
94
Are BME groups over-represented or under-represented in the Probation service (clients) ?
Over-representation of BME - 14%
95
True or false, there is evidence of differential treatment of BME in the probation service?
True
96
what forms of differential treatment are there in the Probation service?
1. pre-sentence reports: black men more frequently classed as risky/threat
2. Culturally insensitive programmes that were made when the UK was more homogenous
3. OR special programmes considered stigmatising by BME offenders
97
discrimination in the probation service is .... to prove?`
very hard to prove - discrimination often due to class more than ethnicity
98
is there evidence of direct discrimination in the probation service?
more in earlier studies, less in more recent studies: who knows how privatisation will have affected it? but, YES ITS JUST HARD TO MEASURE
99
BME prisoners are over-represented in prison?
TRUE - 26% of prison population are BME
100
over-representation in prison differs according to group, true or false?
true - black men severely overrepresented, chinese women severely underrepresented
101
the number of muslims in custody has...
increased fairly significantly since the late 1990's
102
BME prison staff are over/under?
underrepresented: 6% of prison staff are BME (better than Police still)
103
is there differential treatment of BME groups in prison?
yes
104
examples of differential treatment of BME groups in prison... (4)
1. racially-motivated assault by prisoners AND guards
2. prison guard attitudes once really racist now diminishing
3. risk assessment and security categorisation
4. job allocation
105
Prison - risk assessment and security categorisation, blacks are... (5)
1. ml2b classed as high risk
2. ml2b dispersed away from families (lose bonds)
3. ml2b not on 'good behaviour' so don't get privileges
4. not get good job allocations in prison
5. ml2b disciplined for bad behaviour - means sentences extended
106
discrimination happens in prison because...
guards have a lot more discretion and historically have been racist
107
improvement in prisons for multi-cultural purposes have happened...
dietary requirements and multi-faith rooms are now available
108
crucially, blacks in prison perceive...
that they get treated differently, more harshly, not privy to the same 'good behaviour' rewards e.g. nice work assignments
109
Martin Narey (2001) said that...
the Prison Service is an institutionally racist organisation, which reflects an institutionally racist white society
110
there is evidence of direct discrimination in prison -takes 3 forms...
1. racist violence/abuse by inmates and staff
2. discretionary decisions (good behaviour, work allocations etc.) are based on 'risk' - blacks often classed as 'riskier'
3. BME prisoners SAY officer decisions influenced by racial stereotypes
111
pockets of unlawful discrimination were found at 3 prisons (parc, feltham and brixton) BUT...
generally, the prison service is not uniformly racially discriminatory - some prisons better than others (depends on officers culture)
112
Policies that were designed for an ethnically homogenous society are outdated and the prison service has...
tried harder than most areas to stop inappropriate (racist) behaviour by prison officers and hire BME staff
113
The race relations act (2000) basically...
outlawed racial discrimination (direct and indirect) in all public bodies - promotes equality of opportunity and 'good relations'
114
to improve prison discrimination.. (3)
| there is concern over how prison is experienced by BME/women
1. need to make staff more divere, retain them and ensure equal opportunities for promotion etc.
2. improve training - racist language is unacceptable!
3. Review decision-making processes: prisoner 'good behaviour' or risk status
115
cuts to overall prison budget have made...
improving race relations less of a priority/harder to achieve
116
Criminal Justice outcomes are shaped by COMPLEX and VARIED social factors... (3)
1. structural racial inequalities
2. socio-economic disadvantage increases some people's risk of offending
3. Police ml2 encounter poor/BME groups on street so they are there to be stopped/searched
117
direct and indirect discrim are apparent at each level of the CJS - true or false?
true
118
The CJS has an ‘amplification effect’ on wider racial inequalities, - true or false?
TRUE - but does not itself cause them.
| direct and indirect discrim only partly explain unequal justice outcomes
119
discrimination by CJS is shaped by...
the wider social inequality in terms of class and ethnicity - we need a more equal society!
120
The Macpherson investigation into the Stephen Lawrence murder found...
professional incompetence, institutional racism and failure of leadership by senior officers. They found prejudice, discrimination and ignorance amongst the police force.
121
BCS 2000 found that (4) were more important risk factors than ethnicity in victimisation
age, income, employment and inner city residence
122
risk of victimisation is ... or BME groups
significantly higher
123
are blacks and asians ml2b arrested following S&S than whites?
yes
124
for blacks, the likelihood of prosecution/caution is higher/lower than whites?
higher
125
BME groups are ml2 live in socially-deprived areas where there is more crime, so...
BME groups are overrepresented in both vicimisation and offending categories
- attributed to over-policing troubled areas
126
'targeting the available population' means...
BME/poor/unemployed/homeless are ml2b out at night, have night jobs and be vulnerable to off&vic and police S&S's
127
The Age Profile means...
males aged 16-24 are most prolific offenders - so Police ml2 S&S young BME males
128
Blacks (and mixed-race) are overrepresented at every stage of CJS - true or false?
true
129
Asians are overrepresented at every stage of CJS - true or false?
false - only at stop and search and prison stage
130
who are the biggest victims of religiously-motivated crime?
asians
131
direct discrimination is when...
someone is treated less favourably due to their race, sex, marital status, religion, sexual orientation or gender
132
indirect discrimination is when...
a practice, policy or rule which applies to everyone in the same way, but it puts some at more of a disadvantage than others e.g. minimal height requirement for police officers.
133
risk of personal victimisation significantly higher for BME adults - true or false?
true
134
Terrorism Act removed the ...
need for 'reasonable suspicion to stop and search' - enabled more discretion and consequently furhter discrim
135
over-policing of certain areas or groups results in...
distorted figures as more offenders are caught/stopped (because they are in that area)
136
Graham and Bowling (1995) self-report study found that whites and blacks...
report similar levels of offending
137
institutional racism is no longer considered relevant to Police practice - true or false?
true (Casciani, 2009)
138
the most discrimination occurs where?
where officers have the broadest discretion (i.e. in being able to stop and search people without having reasonable suspicion) and officers own attitudes influence decision-making.
139
different crime rates can be explained by different cultures of ethnic groups
false - social deprivation factors have far more influence
140
the ethnic categories used to compare criminal justice outcomes are...
too crude/broad
141
Comparing official statistics and self-report data shows that the overrepresentation of some ethnic groups...
is not a true picture of their actual offending.
142
according to self-report studies, whites offend more than any other category, true or false?
true - . Young white males reported significantly higher drug use than young black males, yet the black group was substantially overrepresented in the youth justice system for drug offences
143
black people and Asians were more likely than white people to be arrested and charged when there was not sufficient evidence to proceed with a prosecution against them - true or false?
true! Phillips and Brown (1998) - consistent finding that indicates how police intervention has most room for discrimination/prejudice
144
BME police officers are less likely to...
be promoted, be encouraged to seek promotion, stay in the job longer than whites, experience the same job satisfaction
145
discriminatory bias is often the result of ... rather than ...
unconcious prejudices/stereotypes rather than deliberate discrim
146
young black males are twice as likely to go to prison at some point than their white counterparts?
true!
147
black offenders are more likely to receive longer sentences - true or false?
true
148
generally speaking, BME (esp. blacks) are at a disadvantage compared to whites in the CJS...
1. ml2 go to crown court
2. ml2 receive harsher sentence
3. in prison, 'good behaviour' not rewarded and blacks get shit jobs and ml2b disciplined
