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550 (zoo class) > Rabbits & Rodents > Flashcards

Rabbits & Rodents Flashcards

1
Q

when collecting samples, safe volumes are typically ___ of the body weight.

A

1%

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2
Q

which species has a longer prothrombin time? why is this important?

A

guinea pigs
takes longer to form a clot, so have to hold down on injection site for longer

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3
Q

what is important to know about handling guinea pig bladders?

A

slight manipulation of bladder can result in iatrogenic hematuria

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4
Q

what is antibiotic associated enterotoxemia (why does it occur, what causes it, what are the C/S)?

A

rabbits & rodents have primarily gram + digestive flora, and the gut is highly sensitive to any antibiotic that can reduce/eradicate normal flora

absence of normal flora can result in an overgrowth of Clostridium difficile –> produces fatal enterotoxin

C/S: diarrhea, depression, death

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5
Q

how can you avoid antibiotic associated enterotoxemia in rabbits and rodents?

A

avoid use of oral penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, including ampicillin, amoxicillin, erythromycin, lincomycin, or other drugs that affect gram + flora

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6
Q

fluid therapy is especially warranted in cases of:

A

inappetent for several days
sub-normal body temp
significant blood loss

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7
Q

________ is a common sequela to any process causing a negative caloric state in rabbits and rodents.

A

hepatic lipidosis

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8
Q

rabbits and rodents cannot _____ due to strong cardiac sphincter musculature.

A

vomit

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9
Q

when prepping rabbits and rodents for anesthesia & sx, you should limit your blind intubation attempts to ____.

A

2

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10
Q

rabbits & rodents are ______ nasal breathers.

A

obligate

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11
Q

what type of dentition do guinea pigs have and what does it mean?

A

Hypselodont –> all teeth grow continuously

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12
Q

Which rodent requires an extraneous source of Vitamin C?

A

guinea pigs

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13
Q

guinea pigs are the only rodent that requires an extraneous source of ____.

A

vitamin c

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14
Q

a lack of vitamin C in guinea pigs results in what?

A

scurvy

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15
Q

what are the clinical signs of scurvy?

A

rough hair coat, alopecia, malocclusion, anorexia, swollen joints, bleeding gums, bruxism

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16
Q

which sex of guinea pigs gets mammary adenocarcinomas more?

A

males

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17
Q

what is important to know about guinea pig castrations?

A

they have an open inguinal ring that must be closed at castration

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18
Q

tell me about female guinea pig pubises and why their anatomy may result in dystocia

A

they have a fibrocartilaginous pubic symphysis that separates during the latter half of gestation, but if the first litter occurs after 8-10 months old, the symphysis separates less easily and dystocia can occur

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19
Q

true or false: urinary calculi are not common in guinea pigs

A

false. they are common in guinea pigs

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20
Q

80% of urinary calculi in guinea pigs are ____ _____.

A

calcium oxalate

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21
Q

tell me how a UTI in a guinea pig can lead to urolithiasis.

A

UTI –> stones w/ crystals congregating around a nidus of bac t

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22
Q

what are the common C/S of guinea pigs urolithiasis?

A

hematuria, dysuria, stranguria, lethargy, inappetence, decreased stool production, vocalization with urination

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23
Q

true or false: guinea pigs who undergo sx for urolithiasis are unlikely to develop stones again.

A

false. reoccurrence of stones is common

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24
Q

what is the shape of the occlusal surfaces of guinea pig cheek teeth?

what happens when they overgrow?

A

steeply angulated

they eventually converge, trapping the tongue and food

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25
Q

____ elongation of guinea pig molars forces the mouth to _____ ____, resulting in what?

A

Coronal, stay open

secondary incisor malocclusion also affecting TMJ

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26
Q

guinea pigs can be infested with ____, _____, and less commonly, ____ & _____.

A

lice, mites, fleas, Demodex

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27
Q

What is the species of mite that infests guinea pigs?

A

Trixacarus caviae

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28
Q

true or false: Trixacarus caviae is very very pruritic

A

true!!

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29
Q

severe cases of Trixacarus caviae can cause ____.

A

seizures

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30
Q

true or false. Trixacarus caviae is not zoonotic.

A

false! it is zoonotic (it’s sarcoptic)

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31
Q

what are the typical C/S and locations of Dermatophytosis in guinea pigs?

A

scaly patchy areas of alopecia, mildly pruritic and erythemic

bridge of nose, dorsum of feet, by ears

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32
Q

what is the common species that causes dermatophytosis in guinea pigs?

A

Trichophyton mentagrophytes

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33
Q

true or false: Trichophyton mentagrophytes is zoonotic.

A

TRUE!

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34
Q

tell me the top ddx’s for a guinea pig with an integument mass

A

abscess
neoplasia

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35
Q

guinea pig abscesses are often associated with what species? what syndrome does it cause?

A

Streptococcus zooepidemicus

cervical lymphadenopathy

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36
Q

what is the most common neoplasia of guinea pigs? Malignant or benign?

A

Trichofolliculoma
benign

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37
Q

How do you tell the difference b/t a Syrian/Golden hamster and a Dwarf hamster?

A

Syrian: permissive hibernators
Dwarf: will not hibernate

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38
Q

Hamsters are _____. (type of food they eat)

A

Omnivores

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39
Q

Hamsters are weird stomachs. Describe it and tell me the health implication.

A

grossly distinct 2 section stomach:
proximal: rumen-like, non-glandular
distal: glandular

do not tolerate diet changes well

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40
Q

hamsters have ____-root incisors and ____-root molars.

A

open, closed

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41
Q

hamster hair coat can be affected by…?

A

poor nutrition, aging, demodicosis, hormonal changes from hyperadrenocorticism or cystic ovaries, epitheliotrpic lymphoma, dermatophytosis, chronic renal disease

42
Q

tell me the ddx’s for pruritic alopecia in a hamster

A

bacterial dermatitis
fungal dermatitis (yeast, dermatophytosis)
parasitic dermatitis (mange, fleas)

43
Q

tell me the ddx’s for non-pruritic alopecia in a hamster

A

demodectic mange
neoplasm (epitheliotropic lymphoma, papilloma)
endocrine dz (hyperadrenocorticism, thyroid dz, sex hormone related)

44
Q

a hamster presents to you for alopecia and hair coat changes. what is a very important part of the hx you need to get?

without knowing the answer to the question you ask above, what are the top 3 most common ddx’s?

A

pruritic vs non-pruritic

abscesses, demodectic mange, hormone-related

45
Q

what is the most common neoplasia in hamsters?

A

lymphoma

46
Q

what are the 3 types of lymphoma in hamsters and what is the signalment for each?

A

Hematopoietic – older
Epitheliotropic – adult
Epizootic – young

47
Q

what is the etiology for Epizootic lymphoma in hamsters? how does it present?

A

Polyomavirus
abdominal masses

48
Q

Demodicosis in hamsters is usually secondary to ____?

A

immunosuppresion

49
Q

how does Demodicosis in hamsters usually present?

A

alopecia & pruritis

50
Q

GI diseases in hamsters usually present because of perceived diarrhea or _____.

A

Wet tail

51
Q

what is the most significant intestinal disease of hamsters 3-10 weeks old?

A

Proliferative ileitis

52
Q

Proliferative ileitis targets hamsters of what age?

A

3-10 weeks old

53
Q

proliferative ileitis has a high _____ rate. (morbidity or mortality)

A

mortality

54
Q

what is the causative agent of proliferative ileitis in hamsters? it is often only confirmed on _____.

A

Lawsonia intracellularis
necropsy

55
Q

with proliferative ileitis, treatment must be ____ and is often ____.

A

aggressive, unsuccessful

56
Q

what are 4 sequelae of proliferative ileitis in hamsters? (the bolded one is the one you need to know fo sho)

A

intussusception
obstruction
decrease nutritional absorption
rectal prolapse

57
Q

is discharge from the vulva normal in hamsters?

A

no, EXCEPT for in Golden hamsters, where they have visible post-ovulatory discharge

58
Q

rabbits have ___ dentition. what does this mean?

A

hypselodont

all teeth grow all the time

59
Q

rabbits are strict ____, _____ fermentors, and ____ selectors

A

herbivores, hindgut, concentrate

60
Q

tell me the difference b/t large vs small particles and how they travel through the rabbit GIT. what does this result in?

A

large: eliminated directly as hard fecal pellets w/I 4h of eating

small: collected in haustra of colon, sent back to cecum via reverse peristalsis for fermentation and production of cecotrophs

results in 2 types of stool: fecal pellet & cecotroph

61
Q

what are the primary roles of the rabbit cecum?

A

fermentation of plant material
synthesis of AAs and VFAs –> concentrated into cecotrophs

62
Q

cecotrophs are made of ____ and ____.

A

amino acids
volatile fatty acids

63
Q

diet and dietary ____ play major roles in the health and motility of the digestive tracts of rabbits.

A

fibre

64
Q

_____: necessary for growing, pregnant & lactating rabbits, but persistently high numbers of this in the diet leads to obesity, altered digestive tract motility, poor teeth wear, decreased water intake, reduced appetite for cecotrophs, and an observed increased appetite for cardboard, carpet, and furniture.

A

protein

65
Q

adult rabbits should be fed _____ fibre in the form of ____.

A

70-75%
grass hays

66
Q

a ____ or ___ appetite is one of the most common presentations in rabbits.

A

reduced or absent

67
Q

a decrease in appetite is always associated with…?

A

reduced or absent fecal output

68
Q

what is GI stasis? what is it the consequence of?

A

reduced/absent appetite + reduced/absent fecal output

consequence of anorexia

69
Q

true or false: GI stasis is one of the most common diagnoses in rabbits.

A

FALSE. GI STASIS IS NOT A DIAGNOSIS!!!!!!!!!!

70
Q

tell me the pathophys behind GI stasis in rabbits and why it’s really bad

A
  1. inappetence
  2. decreased motility
  3. change in pH
  4. disruption of normal bac t flora
  5. gas and toxin production
  6. pain and dehydration
    7/1. inappetence (it’s a cycle, it starts over)
71
Q

what is important to know in the hx of anorexic rabbits?

A
  • stressors?
  • previous episodes of anorexia?
  • diet hx/diet changes?
  • meds? recent anesthesia/sx?
72
Q

true or false: acute abdomen in any age rabbit has a sudden rapid onset and is a true emergency.

A

true

73
Q

_____ is extremely useful in acutely anorexic rabbits to help distinguish b/t life and non-life threatening situations.

A

biochem

74
Q

you have an acutely anorexic rabbit. what test should come first, imaging or biochem? why?

A

biochem
stress of imaging may influence blood parameters, results may influence choice of imaging

75
Q

tell me the correlation b/t blood glucose and GI obstruction in rabbits.

A

there is a correlation b/t severe GI obstructive dz and markedly elevated blood glucose levels

> 16mmol/L indicates blockage/severe stress [not in red]

76
Q

when you suspect a liver lobe torsion in a rabbit, what imaging modality should you choose?

A

ultrasound

77
Q

what is the general tx for an anorexic rabbit?

A

fluids, pain control, assist feed

78
Q

what are the most important Aspects of treatment for an anorexic rabbit?

A

hydrating GIT and controlling gut pain

79
Q

you have an acutely anorexic rabbit with a normal PE. what is the tx?

A

symptomatic/outpatient tx w/ expectation of improvement in 24h and clear instructions to owners

SQ fluids, pain management, syringe feed once hydrated

80
Q

you have an acutely anorexic rabbit with a slightly abnormal PE. what is the tx?

A

hospitalize for first 24h to monitor

SQ fluids/IV fluids in older pts, pain meds, syringe feed

PCV/TP and biochem to rule out GI obstruction and liver lobe torsion, & to look for underlying issues

81
Q

you have a rabbit with an acute abdomen (markedly abnormal PE). what is the tx?

A

TIME IS OF THE ESSENCE - EMERGENCY!!

hospitalize and monitor closely (temp, resp, posture/abdomen)

IV fluids, opiod pain meds, avoid meloxicam as pain med, DO NOT SYRINGE FEED until animal is stable

PCV/TP, biochem, imaging

82
Q

a rabbit with an acute GI obstruction presents with which C/S?

A

hypothermia, signs of shock (rapid shallow breathing, poor CRT), enlarged tympanic stomach, no gut sounds, teeth grinding, hunched posture

83
Q

rabbits with chronic obstruction have the obstruction where in their GIT?

A

ileoceco-colonic junction

84
Q

chronic anorexia is characterized by…? what complication can happen?

A

gradual downslide that self perpetuates, can complicate with hepatic lipidosis

85
Q

what is necessary to determine cause in order to outline tx/prognosis in a chronic anorexic rabbit?

A

diagnostics

86
Q

in a rabbit with a liver lobe torsion, what anomaly would you see on biochem?

A

elevated ALT

87
Q

you have a rabbit with an acute abdomen and you do biochem, where you see an elevated ALT. what is your top ddx and how do you confirm?

A

liver lobe torsion
ultrasound to confirm

88
Q

in rabbit cases with liver lobe torsion, what part of the liver is often involved and why?

A

caudate lobe of the R liver
it’s a thick lobe with a thin pedicle as an attachment

89
Q

true or false: dental dz is uncommon in rabbits.

A

false. it is common

90
Q

true or false: during a routine PE of a rabbit, you don’t have to do a complete oral exam; just examining the incisors is fine.

A

false. you should always do a complete oral exam, view all aspects of all arcades

91
Q

you have a rabbit with dental disease. what hx and C/S do you expect to hear/see?

A

weight loss, gradual inappetence, increase in H2O intake, change in eating habits, change in stool prod., ocular discharge, teeth grading, masses along jaw line, foul breath

92
Q

Pasteurella multocida:
1. gram?
2. polar?
3. motility?
4. shape?

A
  1. gram -
  2. bi-polar
  3. non-motile
  4. coccobacillus
93
Q

what C/S’s/diseases does Pasteurella multocida cause in rabbits? think like generally

A

rhinitis, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, lacrimal duct infections, otitis, pleuropneumonia, bacteremia, abscesses SQ or internal, bone & joint infections, infertility, abortions

94
Q

Snuffles in rabbits is caused by…?

A

Pasteurella multocida

95
Q

URT dz caused by Pasteurella (snuffles) is usually not life threatening. however, it can be in one circumstance. what is that?

A

severely blocked nares can result in resp arrest bc they are obligate nasal breathers

96
Q

what are top 2 ddx for rabbit with head tilt?

A

Encephalitozoonosis
otitis media/interna caused by P. multocida

97
Q

otitis media or interna caused by P. multocida typically presents as…?

A

acute onset head tilt, lateral nystagmus, ataxia, rolling, facial nerve paralysis (weakness in eyelid, ear, contracted lip) w/ chronic otitis

98
Q

Encephalitozoonosis is caused by what?

A

Encephalitozoon cuniculi

99
Q

how do you treat otitis media or interna caused by P. multocida in rabbits?

A

antibiotics, supportive care (anti-nauseant, NSAIDs, nutritional support, eye lube, cage mods)

100
Q

why are abscesses caused by P. multocida in rabbits SUPER DUPER FRUSTRATING???

A

rabbits heterophiles lack myeloperoxidaze enzyme that liquifies purulent material, resulting in a thick, tenacious exudate that defies lancing and flushing

basically have to remove entire abscess surgically for treatment

101
Q

with P. multocida abscesses in rabbits, two things are common… what are they?

A

fistulous tracts = phlegmon = unlimited spread along connective tissue and muscle

encapsulation = walled off abscess

550 (zoo class) (2 decks)

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