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550 (zoo class) > Herps > Flashcards

Herps Flashcards

1
Q

Many reptile and amphibian emergencies are the end result of improper _____ and/or _____.

A

husbandry, nutrition

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2
Q

What are the general signs of a sick reptile?

A
  • decrease appetite
  • lethargy
  • change in colour (paler or darker)
  • constipation
  • diarrhea
  • regurgitation
  • oral or nasal discharge
  • difficulty breathing (audible sounds)
  • lameness
  • change in body or limb shape
  • swellings, nodules on head, trunk or limbs
  • swollen coelom
  • neuro signs (weakness, ataxia, paresis, paralysis)
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3
Q

What are the general signs of a sick amphibian?

A
  • decrease appetite
  • tacky skin = dehydration
  • terrestrial amphibians hanging in or near water’s edge
  • splayed legs, head down, eyes closed, reduced righting reflexes
  • anurans: eyes wide open with dilated pupils that don’t respond well to PLR
  • skin changes (colour, mucous production)
  • bloating, esp in aquatic spp.
  • swollen limbs + eyes
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4
Q

What is the first rule of a herp PE?

A

safety first!

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5
Q

what is one of the most common clinical findings in reptiles and amphibians on PE?

A

obesity

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6
Q

When should you collect diagnostic specimens from a herp?

A

while doing PE

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7
Q

When metabolic bone disease (MBD) is suspected in a herp, what do you need to be especially careful of during PE?

A

manipulating the jaw

care should be taken when manipulating the jaw in normal herps too!

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8
Q

reptiles and amphibians have ____ control over their pupils.

A

voluntary

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9
Q

when compared to mammals, herp oral cavities and mucus membranes are ______.

A

paler

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10
Q

____ temperatures are useful, especially in larger reptile species which can maintain their body temperature for up to ____ ____.

A

cloacal, 24 hours

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11
Q

How can you determine heart rate in a herp other than using a stethoscope?

A
  • direct visualization of the apical heartbeat via transillumination at the xiphoid
  • Doppler or B-mode ultrasound
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12
Q

what is extremely important to know when handling amphibians?

A

keep them wet!!!

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13
Q

amphibian POTZ’s are ____ than reptiles

A

lower

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14
Q

when dealing with amphibians, beware of ____ shock, especially from ____ and _____.

A

thermal
transport, handling

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15
Q

When handling amphibians, like during the PE, what should you do with your hands?

A

put on gloves (powder free nitrile or vinyl) and keep hands/gloves moist

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16
Q

why should you wear gloves when examining amphibians?

A
  • decreases epithelial damage
  • decreases danger of transdermal absorption of lotions/creams
  • protects against toxic or noxious excretions
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17
Q

_____ movements can be used for resp rate monitoring in amphibians.

A

gular (throat)

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18
Q

Before administering drugs to herps, what is really important to do?

A

warm herp slowly to POTZ

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19
Q

tell me the prognosis for herps with the following mentations/processes:
1. semi-comatose to comatose
2. normal to dull reactions to environment and stimuli
3. acute processes
4. chronic processes

A
  1. guarded to grave
  2. better prognosis
  3. better prognosis
  4. poorer prognosis
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20
Q

What are the C/S of shock in a herp?

A
  • weakness/depressed mentation
  • tachycardia
  • pale/discolored mm
  • vasoconstriction of intramural vessels & ventral abdominal vein
  • prolonged CRT
  • dilated pupils
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21
Q

How do you asses a herp’s hydration status?

A
  • mm moisture
  • skin gliding over underlying tissue
  • ocular globe position
  • PCV/TP if values known
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22
Q

how do you correct a fluid deficit in a herp?

A

slowly!
acute losses: 12-36 h
chronic losses/dehydration: 48-96 h

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23
Q

when deciding which fluid to choose for a reptile, what should you look at?

A

plasma osmolality

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24
Q

what is the maintenance dosage of fluids for reptiles? what sort of fluids are appropriate for most lizards and snakes? what fluids are appropriate for chelonians?

A

10-15 mL/kg/day

balanced electrolyte solutions (plasmalyet, normosol, LRS) - lizards/snakes

BES, LRS, 50:50 LRS & 0.45% saline - chelonians

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25
Q

how do you calculate plasma osmolality?

A

2x [Na+] + glucose + urea

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26
Q

what is the most important organ in amphibians?

A

skin

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27
Q

what type of rehydration is very effective in amphibians?

A

transdermal

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28
Q

what is Dougie’s fav way to rehydrate amphibians?

A

plasmalyte A-7.4 (dilute 1:1 w/ sterile water, undiluted for hydrocoelom)
20-60mins (longer if needed)
dextrose can be added at 2.5%

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29
Q

in a reptile in resp arrest, what should you do?

A

intubation and IPPV
4-6 breaths/min
< 8cm H2O (<6 mmHg) inspiratory pressure

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30
Q

when administering O2 to amphibians, what do you have to be wary of?

A

be careful not to dry amphibian out

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31
Q

In a herp triage/emergency situation, where should you maintain their thermal support?

A

upper third of POTZ

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32
Q

True or false: reptiles do not posses a well developed endogenous opioid system

A

False!! they do possess a well developed endogenous opioid system

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33
Q

amphibians have a _____ dependent analgesic response to ____ and _______ such as ______.

A

dose
opioids
alpha-2 agonists
(dex) medetomidine

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34
Q

Amphibians have a ___ response to local anesthetics, but it’s important to watch for ____.

A

good, toxicity

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35
Q

antimicrobial therapy is targeted against what type of bacteria?

A

gram -

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36
Q

severe anasarca leads to what?

A

marked decrease in cardiac contractility (cardiac tamponade effect)

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37
Q

who gets bacterial pneumonia and what predisposes them to getting it?

A

pythons, boas, chelonians
simple resp system & no diaphragm

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38
Q

what type of bacteria cause bacterial pneumonia in herps? tell me 4 examples

A

gram -
P. aeruginosa, Aeromonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Proteus sp.

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39
Q

How do herps get bacterial pneumonia?

A

potential immunosuppression from an underlying viral infection or husbandry induced

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40
Q

what are the C/S of a herp with bacterial pneumonia?

A
  • resp distress
  • open mouth breathing
  • nasal bubbling
  • wheezing
  • swimming difficulties in aquatic turtles
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41
Q

How do you diagnose bacterial pneumonia in herps?

A

radiographs, culture, necropsy

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42
Q

How do you treat bacterial pneumonia in herps?

A

antibiotics, improve husbandry, nutrition, supportive therapy

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43
Q

What is acute dermatosepticemia also called? Who does it affect?

A

Red Leg Disease
amphibians

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44
Q

What causes acute dermatosepticemia in herps? like etiology
name 4 examples

A

opportunistic pathogens
Aeromonas hydrophily, Pseudomonas Spp., Citrobacter spp., Salmonella sp., Acinetobacter spp., Proteus spp., Flavobacterium indologenes, F. meningosepticum, F. oderans

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45
Q

What is a potential risk factor for a herp getting acute dermatosepticemia?

A

underlying viral or fungal infection that allows opportunistic bacteria to get up in there

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46
Q

What are the C/S of a herp with acute dermatosepticemia?

A
  • lethargy, anorexia
  • sudden death
  • anasarca
  • bloating
  • panophthalmitis
  • abnormal posturing, head tilt, loss of righting reflex
  • dermal petechiation, ventral erythema (esp. legs)
  • multi-systemic hemorrhages
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47
Q

How do you diagnose acute dermatosepticemia?

A

culture, R/O viral or fungal involvement

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48
Q

how do you treat acute dermatosepticemia?

A

supportive, antibiotics

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49
Q

you get a herp with acute dermatosepticemia for necropsy. what do you expect to see?

A
  • congestions and organomegaly
  • necrosis and fibrin
  • inflammatory infiltrate in liver, spleen, lung, heart, serosal surfaces
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50
Q

periodontal dz has a high prevalence in who?

A

agamids (bearded dragons) and chameleons

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51
Q

Why are agamids and chameleons predisposed to periodontal disease?

A

acrodont dentition
exposed bone
captive diets

52
Q

What are the C/s of periodontal disease in herps?

A

inappetence, lethargy, osteomyelitis

53
Q

tell me the difference b/t acrodont, pleurodont, and thecodont dentition

A

Acrodont: teeth ankylosed to jaw bone, no sockets or grooves
Pleurodont: teeth ankylosed to jaw, set into dental groove
Thecodont: teeth set in sockets, no ankylosis

54
Q

How do you dx periodontal dz?

A

rads, culture
caused by bacteria

55
Q

how do you tx periodontal dz?

A

debride, flush, topical disinfectants, systemic antibiotics

56
Q

you are doing a necropsy on a bearded dragon with periodontal disease. what do you expect to see?

A

necrosis, chronic osteomyelitis

57
Q

what is the most common inflammatory lesion in captive reptiles?

A

Abscesses

58
Q

What does an abscess look like in reptiles?

A

very hard, usually dry caseous material

59
Q

reptile abscesses can be associated with ______ ______.

A

Vitamin A deficiency

60
Q

What are the C/S of abscesses in reptiles?

A

lameness, swelling of joints, oral cavity, tympanum, skin or limbs

61
Q

how do you dx abscesses in reptiles?

A

rads, lancing, culture and sensitivity

62
Q

how do you tx abscesses in reptiles?

A

debridement, topical and/or systemic antibiotics

63
Q

You get a reptile with an abscess for necropsy. what do you expect to find?

A

wide variety of bac t on culture
laminar rings of amorphous debris
usually well encapsulated

64
Q

Herpesviruses are most common in which herps?

A

tortoises & freshwater turtles

65
Q

what type of herpes virus infects herps?

A

alphaherpesvirus

66
Q

what are the C/S of herpesvirus infection in a tortoise?

A

cachexia
anorexia
nasal and ocular discharge
cervical swelling
severe stomatitis, rhinitis, pharyngitis, glossitis

67
Q

how do you dx herpesviruses in tortoises?

A

PCR, EM, virus isolation, histo

68
Q

how do you tx herpesvirus infection in tortoises?

A

antiviral therapy
supportive care ± ABc

69
Q

you get a tortoise with a herpesvirus infection. what do you expect to see on necropsy AND histo?

A

necropsy: rhinitis, stomatitis, pharyngitis, tracheitis, glossitis, esophagitis, meningoencephalitis

histo: intranuclear inclusions

70
Q

what type of adenovirus do reptiles get?

A

Atadenovirus

71
Q

what species are known to get adenoviruses? (bold=need to know)

A

bearded dragons
geckos, blue-tongued skink, Gila monster, boas, milksnakes, king snakes, corn snakes, pine snakes, Mojave rattlesnake, nile crocs

72
Q

what are the C/S of adenovirus infection in a reptile?

A

anorexia, lethargy, neuro signs, hepatomegaly, death

73
Q

how do you dx adenovirus infection in reptiles?

A

PCR! (cloacal, feces)
EM, histo

74
Q

how do you tx adenovirus infection?

A

no treatment, just supportive care

75
Q

you get a bearded dragon on necropsy with adenovirus. what do you expect to see? (gross + histo)

A

necrotizing hepatitis
intranuclear inclusions

76
Q

inclusion body disease is common in what signalment?

A

boids
palm vipers, king snake

77
Q

what are the C/S of inclusion body disease?

A

CNS signs, wasting, regurgitation, stomatitis, pneumonia, lymphoproliferative disorders, round cell tumors, death

78
Q

how do you dx inclusion body disease?

A

blood smear, PCR, histo, EM

79
Q

how do you tx inclusion body disease?

A

supportive therapy, tx secondary infections

80
Q

what is the possible vector of inclusion body disease?

A

Snake mite
Ophionyssus natricis

81
Q

you get a snake with inclusion body disease in for necropsy. what do you expect to see? on histo

A

eosinophilic to amphiphilic globular intracytoplasmic inclusions in a wide variety of epithelial cells, pancreas, liver, and neurons on CNS

82
Q

Serpentoviruses are also known as ____.

A

Nidoviruses

83
Q

Serpentoviruses are prevalent in what signalment?

A

ball pythons, green tree pythons
other pythons, boas, colubrids, snapping turts, chameleons

84
Q

what are the C/S of serpentovirus/nidovirus?

A

severe resp distress, anorexia, wasting, copious oronasal mucous, rhinitis, stomatitis

85
Q

how do you tx serpentovirus? what’s the mortality?

A

no tx, supportive therapy incl antibiotics for secondary infections

75% mortality

86
Q

how do you dx serpentovirus?

A

PCR (swabs of oropharynx, esophagus, china, blood, tissue)
pathology

87
Q

what gross lesions do you expect to see on a snake with serpentovirus infection?

A

mucinous rhinitis, sinusitis, tracheitis, pneumonitis, esophagitis

88
Q

Ranaviruses are in the family ____.

A

Iridoviridae

89
Q

What makes ranaviruses so bad?

A

highly infectious
highly resistant to desiccation, long-term water storage, freezing

90
Q

pathogenicity of ranaviruses is related to _____ and ______.

A

host and environmental factors.

91
Q

who can get ranaviruses? which one is the most important to know?

A

fish, reptiles, amphibians

92
Q

_____ in amphibians is a notifiable disease to the OIE. (viral)

A

Ranavirus

93
Q

what are the clinical signs of ranavirus infection in anurans?

A

decreased activity, abnormal swimming, fibrinous ascites, anasarca, focal erythema, skin ulceration, multisystemic hemorrhages, death

94
Q

what are the C/S of ranavirus infection in caudates?

A

white multifocal epidermal polyps, hemorrhages, ulceration, decreased activity, float in water, hemorrhagic faces, emesis, death

95
Q

how do you dx ranavirus infection in amphibians?

A

histo, virus isolation, capture ELISA, PCR

96
Q

how do you tx ranavirus infection in amphibians?

A

no tx
supportive care, tx secondary infections

97
Q

what is the histo lesion that you can use to ID ranavirus infection?

A

large basophilic to amphophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions

98
Q

what is the important fungal dz in herps? name of dz and species name(s) plz and thx

A

Chytridiomycosis
Batracochytrium dendrobatis (Bd)
Batracochytrium salmandrivorans (Bs)

99
Q

what type of chytridiomycosis is reportable to the OIE?

A

Batrachochytrium dendrobatis (Bd)

100
Q

what species might be carriers for Bs chytridiomycosis?

A

bullfrogs & African clawed frogs

101
Q

who can get chytridiomycosis?

A

amphibians (anurans and caudates)
Bd experimentally lethal to most salamandridae – N.Am ban on exotic salamanders

102
Q

Tell me about how temperature impacts Bd chytridiomycosis

A

growth: 4-25 C
greatest virulence/pathogenicity: 12-23 C
decrease pathogenicity: >27 C
dies: 32 C

103
Q

tell me about how temperature impacts Bs chytridiomycosis?

A

growth: 5-20 C
highest growth: 15 C
no motile zoospores: > 22 C

104
Q

what are the C/S of chytridiomycosis?

A

abnormal posturing, abnormal behaviour, lethargy, loss of righting reflex, sudden death

105
Q

what are the gross lesions of chytridiomycosis?

A

hyperkeratosis w/ sloughing
epidermal ulcers, epidermal discoloration
hyperemia of digital and ventral skin
hemorrhages in skin, muscle, eyes, w/ visceral congestion

106
Q

how does chytridiomycosis manifest in tadpoles?

A

may show lesions at mouth parts
usually non-lethal

107
Q

how does chytridiomyocosis cause mortality?

A

impairment of osmoregulation w/ resultant electrolyte imbalances leading to cardiac arrest

interference w/ cutaneous resp

108
Q

how do you dx chytridiomycosis?

A

histo, EM, IHC, RT-Taqman PCR

PCR is sensitive & specific, but only indicates presence of Bd, not infection

109
Q

how do you tx chytridiomycosis?

A

0.01% itraconazole baths
fluconazole
voriconazole
terbinafine
thermal treatments
chloramphenicol/florfenicol

110
Q

what etiology causes cryptosporidiosis in reptiles?

A

Cryptosporidium serpentis

111
Q

what is the typical signalment for cryptosporidiosis in reptiles?

A

snakes, geckos

112
Q

what are the important C/S for cryptosporidiosis in reptiles?

A

regurgitation and gastric enlargement in snakes

anorexia, wasting

113
Q

how do you dx cryptosporidiosis in reptiles?

A

presence of oocytes in regurgitated matter, gastric washes, feces (modified acid-fast staining)

PCR, IFA, ELISA, histo

114
Q

necropsy/histo of a reptile w/ cryptosporidiosis would reveal….? for histo, what do you do?

A

hypertrophic, hyperplastic gastritis & enteritis w/ parietal cell atrophy

use special staining for histo

115
Q

what genus of ectoparasite do we have to know and what kind of ectoparasite is it?

A

Ophionyssus spp.
Mite

116
Q

Ophionyssys spp. can mechanically transmit ____ and possibly _____ in herps.

A

Aeromonas sp, IBD

117
Q

why are mites difficult to eliminate from large pops of snakes?

A

because mites become resistant to tx

118
Q

why do mites predispose snakes to other skin diseases?

A

because scales become loose (they live under scales)

119
Q

how do you dx mites in snakes?

A

find mites under scales or in water bowl
cause anemia bc of blood loss
conjunctivitis, local inflammation

120
Q

how do you tx mites in snakes?

A

topical pyrethroids, dichlorvos pest strips, avermectins

121
Q

Rhabdiasis:
1. affects who?
2. what is it?
3. C/S?

A
  1. amphibians: anurans & caudates
  2. lungworm
  3. verminous eosinophilic pneumonia
122
Q

what is important to know about trauma in reptiles?

A

they have long healing times

123
Q

gout in reptiles is related to…. ?

A
  • diet w/ excess protein or organ meat (purine-rich foods)
  • water deprivation causing incomplete clearance of uric acid
  • renal tubule damage w/ uric acid accumulation
124
Q

what are the 2 forms of gout in reptiles?

A

visceral & (peri)articular

125
Q

reptiles with gout display what C/S?

A

swollen joints, slow movements, pain

550 (zoo class) (2 decks)

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