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R2103 Maintaining Plant Health > R2103 4 DISEASES > Flashcards

R2103 4 DISEASES Flashcards

1
Q

Plant disease definition

A

is an unhealthy condition in a plant causes by a fungus, bacteria or virus

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2
Q

How does the damage look: Grey mould

A

Fluffy light grey mass on buds, flowers, fruit and foliage

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3
Q

How does the damage look: strawberry powdery mildew

A
  • Purple spots seen on the upper leaf surface
  • Dry white infection gradually covers the areas of upper leaf
  • Flowers might get a deep pink colouration
  • Fruit may appear distorted
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4
Q

How does the damage look: Damping off

A
  • Commonly the plumule of an emerging seedling is infected causing it to topple
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5
Q

How does the damage look: Honey fungus

A

Usually on trees and shrubs. In spring foliage turns yellow and wilts.

Appearance of toadstools

Plants die within weeks

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6
Q

How does the damage look: Rose black spot

A

Dark brown leaf spots

General leaf yellowing and leaf drop

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7
Q

How does the damage look: Potato blight

A

Yellowing of the foliage which quickly goes black
Blackened stems
Causes eventual death

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8
Q

How does the damage look: Club root

A

Causes damage to brassicaceae family
Infected plants show signs of wilting and yellowing of older leaves and severe stunting
The root become stubby and rotten

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9
Q

How does the damage look: Hollyhock rust

A

Orange-brown lumpy spots on stems and leaf undersides
Bright orange spots on upper leaf surface
Leaves shrivel and die

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10
Q

How does the damage look: Apple and pear canker

A

Sunken areas in both the bark on both young and old branches

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11
Q

How does the damage look: Fireblight

A

Wilting of individual branches
Quickly spreads to other branches
When slices through a stem a brown spot can be seen

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12
Q

How does the damage look: bacterial canker on Prunus

A

Swollen area on the stem with stem cracking and exudes light brown gum

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13
Q

How does the damage look: Potato leaf curl virus

A

Leaves of potato show upward curling
Leaves often light green in colour
Can cause serious reduction in potato yield

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14
Q

How does the damage look:Tobacco mosaic virus

A

Seedlings have stunted appearance

Mature plant leaves have pale green mottled appearance

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15
Q

Life cycle: Damping off

A
  • Naturally occur in the soils
  • Sexual spores are produced on infected root (mostly in autumn)
  • The spores are then released and spread by water infecting growing roots
  • Seedlings get infected and then colapse
  • Survives in soil for a couple of months
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16
Q

Life cycle: Club root

A
  • Survives for more than 5 years as minute spores
  • They germinate on suspectable plant root
  • The fungus forms jelly-life mass which causes roots to swell
  • That disrupts food and nutriend flow in the plant and causes poor plant growth
  • When plant matures, rotting plant roots release the spores back to the soil
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17
Q

Life cycle: Potato blight

A
  • The fungus survives the winter as mycelium and sexual spores in the tubers
  • Infected shoots emerge in the spring causing the spread of spores
  • Spores get dispersed by water and wind infecting the plants
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18
Q

Life cycle: Honey fungus

A
  • Black rhizomorphs fron infected tree travel to infect (up to 30 meters) healthy tree roots
  • THe rhizomorphs get their nutrients from infected tree which helps to successfully take down newly infect tree
  • Mycellum moves up the stem
  • Infected plants decays and dies
  • Rhizomorphs stay on the roots for 20 years or more infecting trees and shrubs nearby
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19
Q

Life cycle: Bacterial canker

A
  • Bacteria exists as surface dwellers on leaves
  • The bacteria is carried by rain droplets and enter young developing leaves in the summer and leaf scars and pruning wounds in autumn
  • Baceria overwinters in infected plants
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20
Q

Life cycle: Potato leaf curl virus

A
  • In June female peach-potato aphids feeed on infected plants and transfer it onto the new plants
  • The virus multiplies in aphid
21
Q

How diseases are spead: Grey mould

A

*Fungal spores carried by wind

22
Q

How diseases are spead: Strawberry powdery mildew

A

Spored carried by wind, can overwinter

23
Q

How diseases are spead: Damping off

A

By spores present in water

24
Q

How diseases are spead: Honey Fungus

A

via underground rhizomorphs, up to 30m in the top of the soil

25
Q

How diseases are spead: Rose black spot

A

Fungal spores, through water

26
Q

How diseases are spead: Potato blight

A

Wind and water. Overwinters on crop debris

27
Q

How diseases are spead: Clubroot

A

Resting spores in soil, contaminated tools and equipment

28
Q

How diseases are spead: Hollyhock rust

A

By spores, can overwinter

29
Q

How diseases are spead: Apple and pear canker

A

By spores through rain splashes, leaf scars an pruning wounds

30
Q

How diseases are spead: Fireblight

A

Bees infecting the blossom, contaminated tools, wind-blown rain

31
Q

How diseases are spead: Tobacco mosaic virus

A

Enters through micro wounds on root hairs or broken branches, spread on fingers

32
Q

How diseases are spead: potato leaf curl virus

A

Peach potato aphids and wounds

33
Q

How diseases are spead: bacterial canker on Prunus

A

Wind blown rain, leaf scars and wounds

34
Q

Control: Grey mould

A

Cultural: avoid overcrowding the plants
Physical: removal and disposal of infected material

35
Q

Control: Strawberry powdery mildew

A

Cultural: grow resistant cultivars
Chemical: Systemic fungicide

36
Q

Control: Damping off

A

Cultural: water from below with tap water (not rain water)
Chemical: not available

37
Q

Control: Honey fungus

A

Physical: excavate whole infected tree and roots
Cultural: Plant resistant species i.e. Ginkgo biloba

38
Q

Control: Rose blackspot

A

Physical: Remove fallen, infected leaves and stems
Chemical: Spray tebuconazole

39
Q

Control: potato blight

A

Physical: destroy infected material
Cultural: use resistant cultivars

40
Q

Control: Clubroot

A

Cultural: Crop rotation, maintain alkaline soil, use resistant cultivars

No chemical control available

41
Q

Control: Hollyhock rust

A

Physical: pick-off leaves and destroy
Chemical: Tebuconazole

42
Q

Control: Apple and pear canker

A

Physical: prune out affected material
Cultural: Keep tools clean

43
Q

Control: Fireblight

A

Physical: prune out diseased wood
Cultural: not planting suspectable species i.e. Crataegus monogyna

44
Q

Control: Tobacco mosaic virus

A

Physical: remove and destroy infected plants
Cultural: resistant cultivars

45
Q

Control: Potato leaf curl

A

Cultural: plant resistant cultivars
Chemical: insecticide to protect againt peach-potato aphid

46
Q

Control: Bacterial canker on Prunus sp.

A

Physical: prune out diseased material
Cultural: plant resistant cultivars

47
Q

How to avoid spead of viruses

A
  • Control sap sucking vectors
  • Avoid propagating from infected material
  • Cleaning tools and equipment
48
Q

Why knowing disease cycles helps their control

A

By knowing disease life cycles you can use prevention metods to avoid them.
Pruning correctly also helps avoiding introduction of diseases

R2103 Maintaining Plant Health (6 decks)

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