R&A questions Flashcards

Question 1

Q

According to Gatineau M, et al. Locked jaw syndrome in dogs and cats: 37 cases (1998-2005). J Vet Dent 2008; 25(1):16-22, the MOST COMMON cause of locked jaw syndrome in dog and cats was:

Temporomandibular joint ankylosis due to fracture.
Masticatory myositis.
Impingement of the coronoid process of the mandible on the zygomatic arch.
Temporomandibular joint luxation

Answer

A

According to Gatineau M, et al. Locked jaw syndrome in dogs and cats: 37 cases (1998-2005). J Vet Dent 2008; 25(1):16-22, the MOST COMMON cause of locked jaw syndrome in dog and cats was:

Temporomandibular joint ankylosis due to fracture.
Masticatory myositis.
Impingement of the coronoid process of the mandible on the zygomatic arch
Temporomandibular joint luxation

Question 2

Q

In Peralta S, et al. Radiographic evaluation of the classification of the extent of tooth resorption in dogs, AJVR 71(7) 2010: 794-798, which of the following is TRUE?

The AVDC classification method for tooth resorption was applicable in all teeth with external surface resorption, external replacement resorption and external cervical root resorption. It was not applicable in any teeth with internal resorption.
The AVDC classification method for tooth resorption was applicable in all teeth with external replacement resorption, external surface resorption, external inflammatory resorption and external cervical root surface resorption. It was not applicable in any other types of tooth resorption.
The AVDC classification method for tooth resorption was applicable in all teeth with tooth resorption.
The AVDC classification method for tooth resorption was applicable in all teeth with external replacement resorption. It was not applicable in any teeth with external inflammatory resorption

Answer

A

In Peralta S, et al. Radiographic evaluation of the classification of the extent of tooth resorption in dogs, AJVR 71(7) 2010: 794-798, which of the following is TRUE?

The AVDC classification method for tooth resorption was applicable in all teeth with external surface resorption, external replacement resorption and external cervical root resorption. It was not applicable in any teeth with internal resorption.
The AVDC classification method for tooth resorption was applicable in all teeth with external replacement resorption, external surface resorption, external inflammatory resorption and external cervical root surface resorption. It was not applicable in any other types of tooth resorption.
The AVDC classification method for tooth resorption was applicable in all teeth with tooth resorption.
The AVDC classification method for tooth resorption was applicable in all teeth with external replacement resorption. It was not applicable in any teeth with external inflammatory resorption

Question 3

Q

In Fink L, et al. Assessment of 68 Prosthodontic Crowns in 41 Pet and Working Dogs (2000-2012), J Vet Dent 2015;32(3):148-5, the most common mode of failure was:

Bond failure
Endodontic disease.
Tooth fracture.
Secondary periodontal disease

Answer

A

In Fink L, et al. Assessment of 68 Prosthodontic Crowns in 41 Pet and Working Dogs (2000-2012), J Vet Dent 2015;32(3):148-5, the most common mode of failure was:

Bond failure
Endodontic disease.
Tooth fracture.
Secondary periodontal disease

Question 4

Q

Which of the following is a cause of pain associated with orthodontic movement of teeth?

Ischemic areas in the tooth pulp.
Sterile necrosis of the periodontal ligament.
Movement of tissue fluid within the PDL.
Transient infection of the periodontal ligament.

Answer

A

Which of the following is a cause of pain associated with orthodontic movement of teeth?

Ischemic areas in the tooth pulp.
Sterile necrosis of the periodontal ligament.
Movement of tissue fluid within the PDL.
Transient infection of the periodontal ligament.

Question 5

Q

The histopathology for this case reported “highly fragmented trabeculae of lytic bone surrounded by a loosely arranged, edematous and moderately inflamed fibrous stroma. Neutrophils are the predominant inflammatory cell type with an accompanying population of lymphocytes and plasma cells.” The appropriate treatment would be:

Extraction of maxillary canine teeth and debridement of epithelial lining.
Extraction of maxillary canine teeth and corticosteroid treatment.
Extraction of the maxillary canine teeth and systemic antimicrobials. Prognosis is good.
Surgical excision. Prognosis is poor with median survival time of 12.7 months.

Answer

A

The histopathology for this case reported “highly fragmented trabeculae of lytic bone surrounded by a loosely arranged, edematous and moderately inflamed fibrous stroma. Neutrophils are the predominant inflammatory cell type with an accompanying population of lymphocytes and plasma cells.” The appropriate treatment would be:

Extraction of maxillary canine teeth and debridement of epithelial lining.
Extraction of maxillary canine teeth and corticosteroid treatment.
Extraction of the maxillary canine teeth and systemic antimicrobials. Prognosis is good.
Surgical excision. Prognosis is poor with median survival time of 12.7 months.

Question 6

Q

Approximately what percentage of bone must be demineralized before bone loss is visible radiographically?

35
25
40
30

Answer

A

Approximately what percentage of bone must be demineralized before bone loss is visible radiographically?

35
25
40
30

Question 7

Q

Kuntsi-Vaattovaara, et.al. Results of root canal treatment in dogs: 127 cases (1995-2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002; 220(6):775-80, which of the following is TRUE?

Treatment was considered unsuccessful if a preexisting periapical lesion did not resolve completely.
The success rate was higher for canine teeth than for maxillary fourth premolar teeth.
The risk of failure was not significantly different between complicated crown fractures and complicated crown-root fractures.
Treatment was considered successful for 99 (78%) of roots.

Answer

A

Kuntsi-Vaattovaara, et.al. Results of root canal treatment in dogs: 127 cases (1995-2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002; 220(6):775-80, which of the following is TRUE?

Treatment was considered unsuccessful if a preexisting periapical lesion did not resolve completely.
The success rate was higher for canine teeth than for maxillary fourth premolar teeth.
The risk of failure was not significantly different between complicated crown fractures and complicated crown-root fractures.
Treatment was considered successful for 99 (78%) of roots.

Question 8

Q

In Pacoe PJ. The effects of lidocaine or a lidocaine-bupivacaine mixture administered into the infraorbital canal in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77(7):682-687, which of the following is TRUE?

Infraorbital injection of either lidocaine or lidocaine-bupivicaine blocked the ipsilateral maxillary canine teeth in more than half of the study dogs, but only lidocaine successfully blocked the ipsilateral maxillary fourth premolar and second molar teeth in more than half of the study dogs.
There was no difference in which teeth were blocked with infraorbital injection of lidocaine versus lidocaine-bupivicaine in study dogs.
Infraorbital injection of either lidocaine or lidocaine-bupivicaine blocked the ipsilateral maxillary canine teeth in more than half of the study dogs, but only lidocaine successfully blocked the second molar teeth in more than half of the study dogs.
Neither lidocaine or lidocaine-bupivicaine blocked the second molar teeth in any dogs after infraorbital injection.

Answer

A

In Pacoe PJ. The effects of lidocaine or a lidocaine-bupivacaine mixture administered into the infraorbital canal in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77(7):682-687, which of the following is TRUE?

Infraorbital injection of either lidocaine or lidocaine-bupivicaine blocked the ipsilateral maxillary canine teeth in more than half of the study dogs, but only lidocaine successfully blocked the ipsilateral maxillary fourth premolar and second molar teeth in more than half of the study dogs.
There was no difference in which teeth were blocked with infraorbital injection of lidocaine versus lidocaine-bupivicaine in study dogs.
Infraorbital injection of either lidocaine or lidocaine-bupivicaine blocked the ipsilateral maxillary canine teeth in more than half of the study dogs, but only lidocaine successfully blocked the second molar teeth in more than half of the study dogs.
Neither lidocaine or lidocaine-bupivicaine blocked the second molar teeth in any dogs after infraorbital injection.

Question 9

Q

. Which of the following best describes an oral tumor with a TNM designation of T2bN1bM?

Tumor 20-40 mm maximum diameter with bone invasion, movable ipsilateral lymph nodes containing growth and distant metastasis.
Tumor < 20 mm maximum diameter without bone invasion, fixed lymph nodes and distant metastasis.
Moderately differentiated tumor with normal N/C ratio and distant metastasis
Moderately differentiated tumor with mildly increased N/C ratio and increased mitotic figures.

Answer

A

. Which of the following best describes an oral tumor with a TNM designation of T2bN1bM?

Tumor 20-40 mm maximum diameter with bone invasion, movable ipsilateral lymph nodes containing growth and distant metastasis.
Tumor < 20 mm maximum diameter without bone invasion, fixed lymph nodes and distant metastasis.
Moderately differentiated tumor with normal N/C ratio and distant metastasis
Moderately differentiated tumor with mildly increased N/C ratio and increased mitotic figures.

Question 10

Q

In Farcas N, et. al. Dental radiographic findings in cats with chronic gingivostomatitis (2002-2012). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 244 (3):339-345, which of these radiographic findings was NOT more common in cats with gingivostomatitis?

Feline resorptive lesions.
Retained tooth roots.
Alveolar bone loss.
Radiologically absent teeth

Answer

A

In Farcas N, et. al. Dental radiographic findings in cats with chronic gingivostomatitis (2002-2012). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 244 (3):339-345, which of these radiographic findings was NOT more common in cats with gingivostomatitis?

Feline resorptive lesions.
Retained tooth roots.
Alveolar bone loss.

Radiologically absent teeth

Question 11

Q

. In Jennings, MW et al. Effect of tooth extraction on stomatitis in cats: 95 cases (2000-2013), J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2015;246(6):654-60, which of the following is TRUE?

Extent of tooth extraction (partial-mouth vs. full-mouth) was not associated with overall response to treatment.
37 of 95 (39%) of cats had no improvement in stomatitis following tooth extraction and extended medical management.
Treatment with analgesic medications prior to or at the time of partial-mouth or full-mouth extractions was associated with the overall effectiveness of treatment scores of 2 or 3.
Treatment with anti-inflammatory medications prior to or at the time of partial-mouth or full-mouth extractions was associated with the overall effectiveness of treatment scores of 2 or 3.

Answer

A

. In Jennings, MW et al. Effect of tooth extraction on stomatitis in cats: 95 cases (2000-2013), J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2015;246(6):654-60, which of the following is TRUE?

Extent of tooth extraction (partial-mouth vs. full-mouth) was not associated with overall response to treatment.
37 of 95 (39%) of cats had no improvement in stomatitis following tooth extraction and extended medical management.
Treatment with analgesic medications prior to or at the time of partial-mouth or full-mouth extractions was associated with the overall effectiveness of treatment scores of 2 or 3.
Treatment with anti-inflammatory medications prior to or at the time of partial-mouth or full-mouth extractions was associated with the overall effectiveness of treatment scores of 2 or 3.

Question 12

Q

In Kukanich B. Outpatient oral analgesics in dogs and cats beyond nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: an evidence-based approach. Vet Clin Small Anim 2015; 43:1109-1125, which of the following drugs was significantly better than placebo in controlling pain in dogs in a controlled study?

oral amitriptyline
oral tramadol
oral gabapentin
oral methadone

Answer

A

In Kukanich B. Outpatient oral analgesics in dogs and cats beyond nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: an evidence-based approach. Vet Clin Small Anim 2015; 43:1109-1125, which of the following drugs was significantly better than placebo in controlling pain in dogs in a controlled study?

oral amitriptyline
oral tramadol
oral gabapentin
oral methadone

Question 13

Q

The interdental wiring technique shown on this osteological specimen is:

Stout loop.
Ivy loop.
Essig wiring.
Risdon wiring.

Answer

A

The interdental wiring technique shown on this osteological specimen is:

Stout loop.
Ivy loop.
Essig wiring.

Risdon wiring.

Question 14

Q

The abnormality found at midline of the tongue shown in this photograph is most likely:

Hairs growing from heterotopic hair shafts in the tongue.
Hairs embedded in the median groove of the tongue resulting from grooming.
Defective desquamation of the filiform papillae resulting in black coloration and excessive growth.
Defective desquamation of the fungiform papillae resulting in black coloration and excessive growth.

Answer

A

The abnormality found at midline of the tongue shown in this photograph is most likely:

Hairs growing from heterotopic hair shafts in the tongue.
Hairs embedded in the median groove of the tongue resulting from grooming.
Defective desquamation of the filiform papillae resulting in black coloration and excessive growth.
Defective desquamation of the fungiform papillae resulting in black coloration and excessive growth.

Question 15

Q

The hand instrument technique considered superior to other techniques for root canal shaping and filing is:

Balanced force technique.
Crown-down technique.
Watch-winding technique.
Step-back technique.

Answer

A

The hand instrument technique considered superior to other techniques for root canal shaping and filing is:

Balanced force technique.
Crown-down technique.
Watch-winding technique.
Step-back technique.

Question 16

Q

In the study described in Peralta S, et al. Radiographic evaluation of the types of tooth resorption in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71(7):784-793, which of the following categories of tooth resorption was NOT found in dogs?

External cervical root surface resorption.
Internal surface resorption.
External replacement resorption.
Internal replacement resorption.

Answer

A

In the study described in Peralta S, et al. Radiographic evaluation of the types of tooth resorption in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71(7):784-793, which of the following categories of tooth resorption was NOT found in dogs?

External cervical root surface resorption.
Internal surface resorption.
External replacement resorption.
Internal replacement resorption.

Question 17

Q

In Luotonen N, et al. Vital pulp therapy in dogs: 190 cases(2001-2011). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 244(4):449-459, which of the following variables affected the success of the treatment in a statistically significant manner when evaluated in a combined multivariate model?

Degree of penetration of dressing material into the pulp.
Years in practice of veterinarian performing procedure.
Presence of a tertiary dentin bridge at 6 months post-procedure
Presence of distinct intraoperative hemorrhage.

Answer

A

In Luotonen N, et al. Vital pulp therapy in dogs: 190 cases(2001-2011). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 244(4):449-459, which of the following variables affected the success of the treatment in a statistically significant manner when evaluated in a combined multivariate model?

Degree of penetration of dressing material into the pulp.
Years in practice of veterinarian performing procedure.
Presence of a tertiary dentin bridge at 6 months post-procedure.

Presence of distinct intraoperative hemorrhage.

Question 18

Q

In Mele et al. Dental implants and incisor bridge placement in a dog. J Vet Dent 2016; 33(4):249-258, the authors used a two-stage surgery because:

Short-term survival rates and clinical outcomes of immediate implants are more than 26% lower than survival rates of implants placed using a delayed implant protocol.
The presence of periodontal disease increased the chances of implant-related infection and a two week course of antibiotics was needed.
Early loading of implants can lead to implant failure to integrate. It was not possible to prevent the patient from chewing on the implants.
There was no on-site dental laboratory and sufficient time was needed to fabricate the tooth crowns.

Answer

A

In Mele et al. Dental implants and incisor bridge placement in a dog. J Vet Dent 2016; 33(4):249-258, the authors used a two-stage surgery because:

Short-term survival rates and clinical outcomes of immediate implants are more than 26% lower than survival rates of implants placed using a delayed implant protocol.
The presence of periodontal disease increased the chances of implant-related infection and a two week course of antibiotics was needed.
Early loading of implants can lead to implant failure to integrate. It was not possible to prevent the patient from chewing on the implants.
There was no on-site dental laboratory and sufficient time was needed to fabricate the tooth crowns.

Question 19

Q

In Culp WTN, et al. Results of surgical excision and evaluation of factors associated with survival time in dogs with lingual neoplasia: 97 cases (1995-2008). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013;242(10):1392-1397, which of the following is TRUE?

More than half of the dogs that underwent near-total glossectomy were eventually euthanized because of failure to thrive, or poor owner compliance with feeding tubes.
The metastatic rate of malignant melanoma of the tongue was almost two times higher than the overall metastatic rate of malignant melanoma in the oral cavity found in several other studies.
25% of the dogs in the study received adjuvant therapy including chemotherapy, radiation therapy and malignant melanoma vaccine. Radiation therapy had a statistically significant survival benefit for squamous cell carcinoma, but not other types of lingual neoplasia.
Of the dogs that underwent a second surgical procedure to remove a recurrent tumor, nearly two-thirds (10/16) had incomplete resection.

Answer

A

In Culp WTN, et al. Results of surgical excision and evaluation of factors associated with survival time in dogs with lingual neoplasia: 97 cases (1995-2008). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013;242(10):1392-1397, which of the following is TRUE?

More than half of the dogs that underwent near-total glossectomy were eventually euthanized because of failure to thrive, or poor owner compliance with feeding tubes.
The metastatic rate of malignant melanoma of the tongue was almost two times higher than the overall metastatic rate of malignant melanoma in the oral cavity found in several other studies.
25% of the dogs in the study received adjuvant therapy including chemotherapy, radiation therapy and malignant melanoma vaccine. Radiation therapy had a statistically significant survival benefit for squamous cell carcinoma, but not other types of lingual neoplasia.
Of the dogs that underwent a second surgical procedure to remove a recurrent tumor, nearly two-thirds (10/16) had incomplete resection.

Question 20

Q

The lucency outlined in red is:

Lysis from osteomyelitis or neoplasia
A widened periodontal ligament space secondary to periodontal disease
The nutrient canal
A chevron sign

Answer

A

The lucency outlined in red is:

Lysis from osteomyelitis or neoplasia
A widened periodontal ligament space secondary to periodontal disease
The nutrient canal
A chevron sign

Question 21

Q

In Volker MK, et al. Management of mesioverted maxillary canine teeth and linguoverted mandibular canine teeth. J Vet Dent 2016; 33(3):170-184, which of the following is TRUE?

The maxillary fourth premolar and first molar teeth were wired together and reinforced with composite to create an inelastic reinforced anchorage unit.
Extraction of tooth 105 and 205 was necessary to prevent root resorption of contacting dentition.
Genetic studies of the type of malocclusion treated in this case report show that recessive or dominant simple autosomal transmission is unlikely.
The button used for attachment of the elastic chain was placed on the buccal midbody crown surface of both teeth to decrease the potential for rotation of the teeth.

Answer

A

In Volker MK, et al. Management of mesioverted maxillary canine teeth and linguoverted mandibular canine teeth. J Vet Dent 2016; 33(3):170-184, which of the following is TRUE?

The maxillary fourth premolar and first molar teeth were wired together and reinforced with composite to create an inelastic reinforced anchorage unit.
Extraction of tooth 105 and 205 was necessary to prevent root resorption of contacting dentition.
Genetic studies of the type of malocclusion treated in this case report show that recessive or dominant simple autosomal transmission is unlikely.
The button used for attachment of the elastic chain was placed on the buccal midbody crown surface of both teeth to decrease the potential for rotation of the teeth.

Question 22

Q

Niimura del Barrio MC, et al. Breakage of two silicone endotracheal tubes during extubation. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 56(8):530-2, which of the following is TRUE?

The tubes were removed surgically and the authors concluded that excessive cleaning with detergents was the underlying cause of the breakage.
The tubes were removed surgically and the authors concluded that formation of a biofilm was the underlying cause of the breakage.
The tubes were removed via endoscopy and the authors concluded that formation of a biofilm was the underlying cause of the breakage.
The tubes were removed via endoscopy and the authors concluded that excessive cleaning with detergents was the underlying cause of the breakage.

Answer

A

Niimura del Barrio MC, et al. Breakage of two silicone endotracheal tubes during extubation. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 56(8):530-2, which of the following is TRUE?

The tubes were removed surgically and the authors concluded that excessive cleaning with detergents was the underlying cause of the breakage.
The tubes were removed surgically and the authors concluded that formation of a biofilm was the underlying cause of the breakage.
The tubes were removed via endoscopy and the authors concluded that formation of a biofilm was the underlying cause of the breakage.
The tubes were removed via endoscopy and the authors concluded that excessive cleaning with detergents was the underlying cause of the breakage.

Question 23

Q

In Harvey CE, et al. Validation of use of subsets of teeth when applying the total mouth periodontal score (TMPS) system in dogs. J Vet Dent 2012; 29(4):222-6, which of the following is FALSE?

The “VOHC” set of scoring sites include buccal sites only for the following teeth: maxillary canine, third incisor, third premolar, fourth premolar, first molar teeth and mandibular canine, third premolar, fourth premolar, first molar teeth.
The “VOHC” set of scoring sites include buccal and lingual/palatal sites only for the following teeth: maxillary canine, first incisor, fourth premolar, first molar teeth and mandibular canine third premolar, fourth premolar, first molar teeth.
The “VOHC” set of scoring sites include buccal and lingual/palatal sites for the following teeth: maxillary canine, third incisor, third premolar, fourth premolar, first molar teeth and mandibular canine third premolar, fourth premolar, first molar teeth.
The “VOHC” set of scoring sites include buccal sites only for the following teeth: maxillary canine, first incisor, fourth premolar, first molar teeth and mandibular canine third premolar, fourth premolar, first molar teeth.

Answer

A

In Harvey CE, et al. Validation of use of subsets of teeth when applying the total mouth periodontal score (TMPS) system in dogs. J Vet Dent 2012; 29(4):222-6, which of the following is FALSE?

The “VOHC” set of scoring sites include buccal sites only for the following teeth: maxillary canine, third incisor, third premolar, fourth premolar, first molar teeth and mandibular canine, third premolar, fourth premolar, first molar teeth.
The “VOHC” set of scoring sites include buccal and lingual/palatal sites only for the following teeth: maxillary canine, first incisor, fourth premolar, first molar teeth and mandibular canine third premolar, fourth premolar, first molar teeth.
The “VOHC” set of scoring sites include buccal and lingual/palatal sites for the following teeth: maxillary canine, third incisor, third premolar, fourth premolar, first molar teeth and mandibular canine third premolar, fourth premolar, first molar teeth.
The “VOHC” set of scoring sites include buccal sites only for the following teeth: maxillary canine, first incisor, fourth premolar, first molar teeth and mandibular canine third premolar, fourth premolar, first molar teeth.

Question 24

Q

According to Soukup JW, et.al. Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: 959 injuries in 660 patient visits (2004-2012). J Vet Dent 2015;32(1):6-14, which statement is FALSE?

Luxation inuries were found most often in the <3-year old group.
The majority of all injuries (678[70/7%]) occurred in the maxilla.
All (100%) traumatic dentoalveolar injuries identified in this study were classifiable with the human classification system.
The most commonly injured teeth were the premolars (340 [33.6%]), followed by the canines (223 [23.3%]).

Answer

A

According to Soukup JW, et.al. Classification and epidemiology of traumatic dentoalveolar injuries in dogs and cats: 959 injuries in 660 patient visits (2004-2012). J Vet Dent 2015;32(1):6-14, which statement is FALSE?

Luxation inuries were found most often in the <3-year old group.
The majority of all injuries (678[70/7%]) occurred in the maxilla.
All (100%) traumatic dentoalveolar injuries identified in this study were classifiable with the human classification system.
The most commonly injured teeth were the premolars (340 [33.6%]), followed by the canines (223 [23.3%]).

Question 25

Q

. In Winer JN, et al. Dental pathology of the hoary marmot (marmota caligata), groundhog (marmota monax) and Alaska Marmot (marmota broweri). J Comp Path 2017;156:12-52, which of the following is TRUE?

Pathology in order of frequency found in specimens was: malocclusion, attrition/abrasion, tooth fractures, periodontitis, periapical disease, missing teeth.
Pathology in order of frequency found in specimens was: fractured teeth, attrition/abrasion, malocclusion, periodontitis, periapical disease.
Pathology in order of frequency found in specimens was: attrition/abrasion, periodontitis, malocclusion, tooth fractures, periapical disease, missing teeth.
Pathology in order of frequency found in specimens was: missing teeth, malocclusion, attrition/abrasion, periodontitis, periapical disease

Answer

A

. In Winer JN, et al. Dental pathology of the hoary marmot (marmota caligata), groundhog (marmota monax) and Alaska Marmot (marmota broweri). J Comp Path 2017;156:12-52, which of the following is TRUE?

Pathology in order of frequency found in specimens was: malocclusion, attrition/abrasion, tooth fractures, periodontitis, periapical disease, missing teeth.
Pathology in order of frequency found in specimens was: fractured teeth, attrition/abrasion, malocclusion, periodontitis, periapical disease.
Pathology in order of frequency found in specimens was: attrition/abrasion, periodontitis, malocclusion, tooth fractures, periapical disease, missing teeth.

Pathology in order of frequency found in specimens was: missing teeth, malocclusion, attrition/abrasion, periodontitis, periapical disease

Question 26

Q

In Pavlica Z, et al. Periodontal disease burden and pathological changes in organs of dogs. J Vet Dent 2008;25(2):97-105, a statistically significant correlation was found between periodontal disease burden and:

Changes in the carotid artery
Changes in the left atrio-ventricular valve
Changes in the coronary arteries
Atherosclerosis

Answer

A

In Pavlica Z, et al. Periodontal disease burden and pathological changes in organs of dogs. J Vet Dent 2008;25(2):97-105, a statistically significant correlation was found between periodontal disease burden and:

Changes in the carotid artery
Changes in the left atrio-ventricular valve
Changes in the coronary arteries
Atherosclerosis

Question 27

Q

Physiologically, from easiest to hardest, the types of tooth movement are:

Tipping, radicular, rotation, extrusion, intrusion, translation.
Extrusion, intrusion, tipping, translation, rotation, radicular,
Tipping, translation, extrusion, rotation, intrusion, radicular.
Extrusion, tipping, radicular, rotation, translation, intrusion

Answer

A

Physiologically, from easiest to hardest, the types of tooth movement are:

Tipping, radicular, rotation, extrusion, intrusion, translation.
Extrusion, intrusion, tipping, translation, rotation, radicular,
Tipping, translation, extrusion, rotation, intrusion, radicular.

Extrusion, tipping, radicular, rotation, translation, intrusion

Question 28

Q

In Menzies RA, et al. Assessment of apical periodontitis in dogs and humans: a review. J Vet Dent 2014; 31(1):8-21, the minimum amount of mineralized bone loss required in order for focal bone resorption to be detected radiographically in humans in a clinical setting is estimated to be:

7%
32%
48%
12%

Answer

A

In Menzies RA, et al. Assessment of apical periodontitis in dogs and humans: a review. J Vet Dent 2014; 31(1):8-21, the minimum amount of mineralized bone loss required in order for focal bone resorption to be detected radiographically in humans in a clinical setting is estimated to be:

7%
32%
48%
12%

Question 29

Q

In Skinner A, et al. Semilunar coronally advanced periodontal flap to increase soft tissue coverage of a maxillary fourth premolar in a dog. J Vet Dent 2017;34(2):100-105, which of the following does the author list as a benefit of this technique over traditional periodontal advancement flaps?

There is no need to restrict the patient to a soft food diet or restrict access to toys post-surgically.
This technique does not require tension releasing incisions
Clients can resume brushing the treated tooth immediately after the procedure
This technique does not require placement of any sutures

Answer

A

In Skinner A, et al. Semilunar coronally advanced periodontal flap to increase soft tissue coverage of a maxillary fourth premolar in a dog. J Vet Dent 2017;34(2):100-105, which of the following does the author list as a benefit of this technique over traditional periodontal advancement flaps?

There is no need to restrict the patient to a soft food diet or restrict access to toys post-surgically.
This technique does not require tension releasing incisions
Clients can resume brushing the treated tooth immediately after the procedure
This technique does not require placement of any sutures

Question 30

Q

In Dupont G. Crown amputation with intentional root retention for advanced feline resorptive lesions-a clinical study, J Vet Dent 1995; 12(1):9-13, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Teeth treated with crown amputation showed less evidence of gingivitis than teeth completely extracted.
On follow up radiographs of roots of 23 teeth, 5 months to 3 years post-surgery, all roots in teeth treated with crown amputation were resorbed and small remnants of supra-alveolar crown or root structure present after crown amputation were also resorbed.
On follow up radiographs of roots of 23 teeth, 5 months to 3 years post-surgery, teeth treated with crown amputation showed no bony defect, while teeth treated with complete extraction showed a persistent bony defect.
On follow up, all cats remained asymptomatic.

Answer

A

In Dupont G. Crown amputation with intentional root retention for advanced feline resorptive lesions-a clinical study, J Vet Dent 1995; 12(1):9-13, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Teeth treated with crown amputation showed less evidence of gingivitis than teeth completely extracted.
On follow up radiographs of roots of 23 teeth, 5 months to 3 years post-surgery, all roots in teeth treated with crown amputation were resorbed and small remnants of supra-alveolar crown or root structure present after crown amputation were also resorbed.
On follow up radiographs of roots of 23 teeth, 5 months to 3 years post-surgery, teeth treated with crown amputation showed no bony defect, while teeth treated with complete extraction showed a persistent bony defect.
On follow up, all cats remained asymptomatic.

Question 31

Q

In Peralta S et al. Morphological evaluation of clefts of the lip, palate, or both in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78(8):926-933, which of the following classification systems was NOT used to classify clefts?

LAHSHAL classification
CL, CP, or CLP Classification
Cleft and craniofacial ICD-10 coding system
Annotations for abnormalities of the vomer or maxillofacial sutures lines

Answer

A

In Peralta S et al. Morphological evaluation of clefts of the lip, palate, or both in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78(8):926-933, which of the following classification systems was NOT used to classify clefts?

LAHSHAL classification
CL, CP, or CLP Classification
Cleft and craniofacial ICD-10 coding system
Annotations for abnormalities of the vomer or maxillofacial sutures lines

Question 32

Q

According to Davis EM. Gene sequence analyses of the healthy oral microbiome in humans and companion animals, J Vet Dent 2016; 33(2):97-107, which of the following is TRUE?

Recent evidence has demonstrated that in many macroscopic hosts, maternal transfer of symbiotic micororganisms occurs during birth.
A study conducted by Eloe-Fradosh et al, identified at least four species of microorganisms recovered from periodontal pockets that cause periodontitis, rather than flourish because of periodontitis.
The critereon for identifying a separate species by genetic sequencing requires that the new sequence differs from a reference sequence by 1.5% to 3.0%, depending on the researcher.
Certain symbiotic bacteria, such as Porphyromonas salivarius, suppress epithelial cell secretion of inflammatory cytokines, thereby inhibiting the cascade of signaling pathways necessary for inflammation, resulting in tolerance and preservation of host-microbiome homeostasis.

Answer

A

According to Davis EM. Gene sequence analyses of the healthy oral microbiome in humans and companion animals, J Vet Dent 2016; 33(2):97-107, which of the following is TRUE?

Recent evidence has demonstrated that in many macroscopic hosts, maternal transfer of symbiotic micororganisms occurs during birth.
A study conducted by Eloe-Fradosh et al, identified at least four species of microorganisms recovered from periodontal pockets that cause periodontitis, rather than flourish because of periodontitis.
The critereon for identifying a separate species by genetic sequencing requires that the new sequence differs from a reference sequence by 1.5% to 3.0%, depending on the researcher.
Certain symbiotic bacteria, such as Porphyromonas salivarius, suppress epithelial cell secretion of inflammatory cytokines, thereby inhibiting the cascade of signaling pathways necessary for inflammation, resulting in tolerance and preservation of host-microbiome homeostasis.

Question 33

Q

In Chinkangsadarn T, et al. An abbatoir survey of equine dental abnormalities in Queensland, Australia. Aust Vet J 2015; 93(6):189-194, which of the following associations between dental abnormalities and specific teeth is FALSE?

Periodontal pockets were found most often in the interdental space between the fourth premolar tooth and the first molar tooth.
Hooks and ramps were most likely to be found on the rostral or caudal tooth of the cheek teeth arcades.
Diastema were most often found between the right maxillary third and second incisor teeth.
The most common position of stepped teeth was at the maxillary fourth premolar teeth.

Answer

A

In Chinkangsadarn T, et al. An abbatoir survey of equine dental abnormalities in Queensland, Australia. Aust Vet J 2015; 93(6):189-194, which of the following associations between dental abnormalities and specific teeth is FALSE?

Periodontal pockets were found most often in the interdental space between the fourth premolar tooth and the first molar tooth.
Hooks and ramps were most likely to be found on the rostral or caudal tooth of the cheek teeth arcades.
Diastema were most often found between the right maxillary third and second incisor teeth.
The most common position of stepped teeth was at the maxillary fourth premolar teeth.

Question 34

Q

Which of the following is TRUE regarding sedation for the horse?

Butorphanol and morphine are opioids that can be administered in conjunction with a sedative. Methadone is not an effective opioid for sedation in the horse.
Yohimbine is a strong alpha-2 antagonist while romifidine is a weak, but effective antagonist, and both can be used to reverse alpha-2 agonists to speed recovery of the horse.
General anesthesia is usually required for long dental procedures in the horse.
The duration of xylazine is short when compared to the duration of sedation imparted by detomidine, or medetomidine.

Answer

A

Which of the following is TRUE regarding sedation for the horse?

Butorphanol and morphine are opioids that can be administered in conjunction with a sedative. Methadone is not an effective opioid for sedation in the horse.
Yohimbine is a strong alpha-2 antagonist while romifidine is a weak, but effective antagonist, and both can be used to reverse alpha-2 agonists to speed recovery of the horse.
General anesthesia is usually required for long dental procedures in the horse.
The duration of xylazine is short when compared to the duration of sedation imparted by detomidine, or medetomidine.

Question 35

Q

The red line on this radiograph of a cat right maxillary canine tooth is the :

Zygomatic arch.
Nasal surface of the alveolar process of the maxilla.
Conchal crest.
Lamina dura.

Answer

A

The red line on this radiograph of a cat right maxillary canine tooth is the :

Zygomatic arch.
Nasal surface of the alveolar process of the maxilla.
Conchal crest.
Lamina dura.

Question 36

Q

. In Arnbjerg J. Idopathic dental root replacement resorption in old dogs. J Vet Dent 1996;13(3):97-99, the author concludes that the finding of resorption in the roots of the teeth examined was of no clinical significance and similar to the condition known as idiopathic dental root replacement resorption in the human literature for the following reasons EXCEPT which of the following?

Most of the affected teeth showed signs of abrasion or wear.
There was no hypercementosis present in the teeth examined.
There was no lytic reaction in the alveolar bone associated with these teeth.
The root length was normal in contrast to the shorter root length found in resorption following viral infection.

Answer

A

. In Arnbjerg J. Idopathic dental root replacement resorption in old dogs. J Vet Dent 1996;13(3):97-99, the author concludes that the finding of resorption in the roots of the teeth examined was of no clinical significance and similar to the condition known as idiopathic dental root replacement resorption in the human literature for the following reasons EXCEPT which of the following?

Most of the affected teeth showed signs of abrasion or wear.
There was no hypercementosis present in the teeth examined.
There was no lytic reaction in the alveolar bone associated with these teeth.
The root length was normal in contrast to the shorter root length found in resorption following viral infection.

Question 37

Q

In Bonner SE, et al. Orofacial manifestations of high-rise syndrome in cats: a retrospective study of 84 cases,. J Vet Dent 2011;29(1):10-18, which of the following was NOT found in cats with high-rise trauma?

Fracture of the mandible.
Tongue injury.
Separation of the mandibular symphysis.
Tooth abrasion.

Answer

A

In Bonner SE, et al. Orofacial manifestations of high-rise syndrome in cats: a retrospective study of 84 cases,. J Vet Dent 2011;29(1):10-18, which of the following was NOT found in cats with high-rise trauma?

Fracture of the mandible.
Tongue injury.
Separation of the mandibular symphysis.
Tooth abrasion.

Question 38

Q

Which of the following radiographic findings is NOT present on this transverse CT section at the level of the upper 06s of a 2-year-old quarterhorse?

Iodated contrast agent in the dorsal nasal passage.
The remnant of 506
A cyst-like swelling overlying 106 indicating chronic infection of the erupting tooth.
Subcutaneous soft tissue swelling.

Answer

A

Which of the following radiographic findings is NOT present on this transverse CT section at the level of the upper 06s of a 2-year-old quarterhorse?

Iodated contrast agent in the dorsal nasal passage.
The remnant of 506.
A cyst-like swelling overlying 106 indicating chronic infection of the erupting tooth.
Subcutaneous soft tissue swelling.

Question 39

Q

According to Matthews NS, et al. Factors associated with anesthetic-related death in dogs and cats in primary care veterinary hospitals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 250(6):655-665, which of the following is FALSE?

Fractious cats correlated with lack of pre-operative physical exam and had an increased risk of anesthesia related death.
Overweight body condition in dogs did not increase the risk of anesthesia-related death, but dogs with underweight body condition had a 8 times greater risk of death.
Failure to document SPO2 readings during anesthesia was associated with an increase in odds of anesthetic-related death in cats.
Dogs and cats that underwent sedation anesthesia (no inhalant anesthetic) were more likely than dogs and cats under general anesthesia (inhalant anesthetic with or without intubation) to have anesthetic-related deaths

Answer

A

According to Matthews NS, et al. Factors associated with anesthetic-related death in dogs and cats in primary care veterinary hospitals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 250(6):655-665, which of the following is FALSE?

Fractious cats correlated with lack of pre-operative physical exam and had an increased risk of anesthesia related death.
Overweight body condition in dogs did not increase the risk of anesthesia-related death, but dogs with underweight body condition had a 8 times greater risk of death.
Failure to document SPO2 readings during anesthesia was associated with an increase in odds of anesthetic-related death in cats.

Dogs and cats that underwent sedation anesthesia (no inhalant anesthetic) were more likely than dogs and cats under general anesthesia (inhalant anesthetic with or without intubation) to have anesthetic-related deaths

Question 40

Q

Which of the following is NOT one of GV Black’s steps of cavity preparation?

Convenience form.
Pathology removal form.
Margin form.
Outline form.

Answer

A

Which of the following is NOT one of GV Black’s steps of cavity preparation?

Convenience form.
Pathology removal form.
Margin form.
Outline form.

Question 41

Q

According to the article, Alessio TL, et al. Transient unilateral vision loss in a dog following inadvertent intravitreal injection of bupivacaine during a dental procedure. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2015;246(9):990-3, which nerve block was accidentally given into the eye?

Caudal maxillary nerve block using an extraoral approach.
Palatal nerve block using an intraoral approach.
Caudal maxillary nerve block using an intraoral approach.
Lingual nerve block using an intraoral approach.

Answer

A

According to the article, Alessio TL, et al. Transient unilateral vision loss in a dog following inadvertent intravitreal injection of bupivacaine during a dental procedure. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2015;246(9):990-3, which nerve block was accidentally given into the eye?

Caudal maxillary nerve block using an extraoral approach.
Palatal nerve block using an intraoral approach.
Caudal maxillary nerve block using an intraoral approach.
Lingual nerve block using an intraoral approach.

Question 42

Q

The diameter of this file (50) 16 mm from the tip is:

0.82 mm
0.73 mm
0.50 mm
0.56 mm

Answer

A

The diameter of this file 16 mm from the tip is:

0.82 mm
0.73 mm
0.50 mm
0.56 mm

Question 43

Q

In Goodman AE, et al. Common carotid artery ligation to minimize blood loss during oral and maxillofacial surgery, J Vet Dent 2016; 33(3):195-200, which of the following is TRUE?

The common carotid artery is more easily located and isolated than the external carotid artery in the ventral neck of the canine and feline patient.
The internal jugular vein is larger than the common carotid and loosely bound to the esophagus dorsomedially by the deep cervical fascia.
Ligation of the common carotid artery can be safely performed in dogs and cats due to the extensive collateral blood supply from the vertebral artery.
The paired sternohyoideus muscles are located superficial to the paired sternocephalicus muscles. Both must be bluntly dissected to approach the common carotid artery.

Answer

A

In Goodman AE, et al. Common carotid artery ligation to minimize blood loss during oral and maxillofacial surgery, J Vet Dent 2016; 33(3):195-200, which of the following is TRUE?

The common carotid artery is more easily located and isolated than the external carotid artery in the ventral neck of the canine and feline patient.
The internal jugular vein is larger than the common carotid and loosely bound to the esophagus dorsomedially by the deep cervical fascia.
Ligation of the common carotid artery can be safely performed in dogs and cats due to the extensive collateral blood supply from the vertebral artery.
The paired sternohyoideus muscles are located superficial to the paired sternocephalicus muscles. Both must be bluntly dissected to approach the common carotid artery.

Question 44

Q

In Herring ES et al. Lymph node staging of oral and maxillofacial neoplasms in 31 dogs and cats, J Vet Dent 2002; 19(3):122-126, which of the following is FALSE?

Of the palpably enlarged mandibular lymph nodes, 17.0% had metastatic disease histologically.
Post-operative cytologic evaluation of fine needle aspirates of regional lymph nodes concurred with the histologic results in 80.6% of lymph nodes examined.
Preoperative cytologic evaluation of the mandibular lymph node based on fine needle aspiration concurred with the histologic results in 90.5% of lymph nodes examined.
Most (85.5%) of cases with metastatic disease to regional lymph nodes had metastasis to the mandibular lymph node.

Answer

A

In Herring ES et al. Lymph node staging of oral and maxillofacial neoplasms in 31 dogs and cats, J Vet Dent 2002; 19(3):122-126, which of the following is FALSE?

Of the palpably enlarged mandibular lymph nodes, 17.0% had metastatic disease histologically.
Post-operative cytologic evaluation of fine needle aspirates of regional lymph nodes concurred with the histologic results in 80.6% of lymph nodes examined.
Preoperative cytologic evaluation of the mandibular lymph node based on fine needle aspiration concurred with the histologic results in 90.5% of lymph nodes examined.
Most (85.5%) of cases with metastatic disease to regional lymph nodes had metastasis to the mandibular lymph node.

Question 45

Q

In Fulton AJ, et al. Outcome of surgical endodontic treatment in dogs: 15 cases (1995-2011). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 241 (12):1633-1638, which of the following is TRUE?

In this study,mineral trioxide aggregate was the most successful root end filling material, followed by glass ionomer restorative, and ethoxybenzoic acid cement. The least successful root end filling material was amalgam.
In cases of unsuccessful root canal treatment where the restoration is intact and the original obturation of the apical third of the root canal appears good, orthograde re-treatment should be attempted rather than apicoectomy.
In this study, all dogs had a successful clinical outcome.
Dogs that did not present for follow up at 6 and 12 months were excluded from the study

Answer

A

In Fulton AJ, et al. Outcome of surgical endodontic treatment in dogs: 15 cases (1995-2011). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 241 (12):1633-1638, which of the following is TRUE?

In this study,mineral trioxide aggregate was the most successful root end filling material, followed by glass ionomer restorative, and ethoxybenzoic acid cement. The least successful root end filling material was amalgam.
In cases of unsuccessful root canal treatment where the restoration is intact and the original obturation of the apical third of the root canal appears good, orthograde re-treatment should be attempted rather than apicoectomy.
In this study, all dogs had a successful clinical outcome.
Dogs that did not present for follow up at 6 and 12 months were excluded from the study

Question 46

Q

. In Hale F. Localized intrinsic staining of teeth due to pulpitis and pulp necrosis in dogs. J Vet Dent 2001; 18(1):14-20, 92.2% of discolored teeth had gross signs of partial or total pulp necrosis. What percentage of these those evaluated teeth had intraoral radiographic signs of endodontic disease?

57.1%
32.4%
42.9%
12.6%

Answer

A

. In Hale F. Localized intrinsic staining of teeth due to pulpitis and pulp necrosis in dogs. J Vet Dent 2001; 18(1):14-20, 92.2% of discolored teeth had gross signs of partial or total pulp necrosis. What percentage of these those evaluated teeth had intraoral radiographic signs of endodontic disease?

57.1%
32.4%
42.9%
12.6%

Question 47

Q

The artery that supports the mucosal flap shown in this palatal defect repair technique is the:

Superior labial artery.
Angularis oris artery.
Buccinator artery.
Levator labii maxillaris artery.

Answer

A

The artery that supports the mucosal flap shown in this palatal defect repair technique is the:

Superior labial artery.
Angularis oris artery.
Buccinator artery.
Levator labii maxillaris artery.

Question 48

Q

Which of the following radiographic findings is NOT present on the radiograph shown here?

Invagination of the enamel, dentin and pulp into the mesial aspect of the crown of the tooth consistent with dens invaginatus.
Periapical radiolucency consistent with a cyst or granuloma.
Fused roots.
Periapical radiolucency consistent with endodontic disease.

Answer

A

Which of the following radiographic findings is NOT present on the radiograph shown here?

Invagination of the enamel, dentin and pulp into the mesial aspect of the crown of the tooth consistent with dens invaginatus.
Periapical radiolucency consistent with a cyst or granuloma.
Fused roots.
Periapical radiolucency consistent with endodontic disease.

Question 49

Q

According to Schweda MC et al. The role of computed tomography in the assessment of dental disease in 66 guinea pigs, Vet Rec 2014; 175(21):538, which of the following is FALSE?

Ptyalism (n=48) was the most common presenting complaint.
92% of patients with palpable lower jaw swelling showed corresponding dental pathologies on CT.
80% of guinea pigs with exophthalmos showed ipsilateral periapical disease of the maxillary cheek teeth on CT.
Pathological changes to the incisors were not associated with exophthalmos.

Answer

A

According to Schweda MC et al. The role of computed tomography in the assessment of dental disease in 66 guinea pigs, Vet Rec 2014; 175(21):538, which of the following is FALSE?

Ptyalism (n=48) was the most common presenting complaint.
92% of patients with palpable lower jaw swelling showed corresponding dental pathologies on CT.
80% of guinea pigs with exophthalmos showed ipsilateral periapical disease of the maxillary cheek teeth on CT.
Pathological changes to the incisors were not associated with exophthalmos.

Question 50

Q

According to Zimmerman C, et al. Evaluation of the natural crown convergence angle of dog carnassial teeth. J Vet Dent 2015; 32(4) 222-225, which of the following is TRUE?

Dental morphology is the third most genetically variable characteristic of the dog skull, and convergence angle varies widely between skull type.
In dogs, clinical retention rates are not positively correlated with higher convergence angle for full veneer metal crowns
The mean 08 and 09 convergence angles determined by this study were approximately 32 and 26 degrees respectively.
Restorations cemented onto preparations with 3 times the ideal convergence angle utilizing resin-based cement require significantly more force to dislodge compared to restorations cemented onto preparations with ideal resistance and retention utilizing zinc phosphate cement.

Answer

A

According to Zimmerman C, et al. Evaluation of the natural crown convergence angle of dog carnassial teeth. J Vet Dent 2015; 32(4) 222-225, which of the following is TRUE?

Dental morphology is the third most genetically variable characteristic of the dog skull, and convergence angle varies widely between skull type.
In dogs, clinical retention rates are not positively correlated with higher convergence angle for full veneer metal crowns
The mean 08 and 09 convergence angles determined by this study were approximately 32 and 26 degrees respectively.
Restorations cemented onto preparations with 3 times the ideal convergence angle utilizing resin-based cement require significantly more force to dislodge compared to restorations cemented onto preparations with ideal resistance and retention utilizing zinc phosphate cement.

Question 51

Q

According to the du Toit, et al. pulp horn numbering system, the horn indicated by the “?” is which number?

2
1
4
5

Answer

A

According to the du Toit, et al. pulp horn numbering system, the horn indicated by the “?” is which number?

2
1
4
5

Question 52

Q

Which of the following is NOT a treatment for periapical abscesses in rabbits?

Surgical debridement
Introduction of antibiotic-impregnated poly methyl methanesulfonate beads
Marsupialization
Calcium hydroxide packing

Answer

A

Which of the following is NOT a treatment for periapical abscesses in rabbits?

Surgical debridement
Introduction of antibiotic-impregnated poly methyl methanesulfonate beads
Marsupialization
Calcium hydroxide packing

Question 53

Q

The morphologic zones of mature pulp, in order from pulp to dentin, are :

Pulp, cell poor zone, cell rich zone, odontoblast layer, predentin, dentin.
Pulp, odontoblast layer, cell poor zone, cell rich zone, predentin, dentin.
Pulp, cell rich zone, cell poor zone, odontoblast layer, predentin, dentin.
Pulp, odontoblast layer, cell rich zone,cell poor zone, predentin, dentin.

Answer

A

The morphologic zones of mature pulp, in order from pulp to dentin, are :

Pulp, cell poor zone, cell rich zone, odontoblast layer, predentin, dentin.
Pulp, odontoblast layer, cell poor zone, cell rich zone, predentin, dentin.
Pulp, cell rich zone, cell poor zone, odontoblast layer, predentin, dentin.
Pulp, odontoblast layer, cell rich zone,cell poor zone, predentin, dentin.

Question 54

Q

Regarding the mechanical properties of materials, which of the following is FALSE?

Ductililty is the relative ability of a material to deform plastically under a tensile stress before it fractures.
Elastic modulus is the amount of energy absorbed within a unit volume of a structure when it is stressed to it’s proportional limit.
Stress is the force per unit area acting on a given plane of a material
Strain is the change in length per unit initial length

Answer

A

Regarding the mechanical properties of materials, which of the following is FALSE?

Ductililty is the relative ability of a material to deform plastically under a tensile stress before it fractures.
Elastic modulus is the amount of energy absorbed within a unit volume of a structure when it is stressed to it’s proportional limit.
Stress is the force per unit area acting on a given plane of a material
Strain is the change in length per unit initial length

Question 55

Q

Which of the following is TRUE regarding resin cements?

An advantage of resin cements over most other cements is that they are minimally irritating to pulp and can be used in areas where dentin thickness is <0.5 mm without pulp protection.
Dual-cure cements are the preferred resin cement for light-transmitting prosthesis thicker than 2.5 mm.
Most resin cements, except the 4-META containing cements, are able to bond directly to dentin and enamel.
Except for resin cement used for cementing porcelain veneers, the majority of resin cements today are dual-cured, rather than light- or chemical-cured.

Answer

A

Which of the following is TRUE regarding resin cements?

An advantage of resin cements over most other cements is that they are minimally irritating to pulp and can be used in areas where dentin thickness is <0.5 mm without pulp protection.
Dual-cure cements are the preferred resin cement for light-transmitting prosthesis thicker than 2.5 mm.
Most resin cements, except the 4-META containing cements, are able to bond directly to dentin and enamel.
Except for resin cement used for cementing porcelain veneers, the majority of resin cements today are dual-cured, rather than light- or chemical-cured.

Question 56

Q

According to Stepaniuk S, et al. Evaluation of an osseous allograft membrane for guided tissue regeneration in the dog, J Vet Dent 2015; 32(4):226-232, which of the following is TRUE?

Periodontal probing depths measured at initial recheck 4 weeks after the GTR procedure were normal, with a mean periodontal probing gain of 5.4 mm.
Normal histological architecture of the perioodontal tissue was acheived in all 11 cases evaluated in this study.
Complete removal of inflammatory tissue and subgingival plaque and calculus without removing cementum is the most important aspect of site preparation for bone grafting and GTR.
The most important purpose of grafting material is to provide physical support for flexible membranes.

Answer

A

According to Stepaniuk S, et al. Evaluation of an osseous allograft membrane for guided tissue regeneration in the dog, J Vet Dent 2015; 32(4):226-232, which of the following is TRUE?

Periodontal probing depths measured at initial recheck 4 weeks after the GTR procedure were normal, with a mean periodontal probing gain of 5.4 mm.
Normal histological architecture of the perioodontal tissue was acheived in all 11 cases evaluated in this study.
Complete removal of inflammatory tissue and subgingival plaque and calculus without removing cementum is the most important aspect of site preparation for bone grafting and GTR.
The most important purpose of grafting material is to provide physical support for flexible membranes.

Question 57

Q

Which of the following is NOT a principal fiber of the periodontal ligament?

Oblique.
Perpendicular.
Apical.
Interradicular.

Answer

A

Which of the following is NOT a principal fiber of the periodontal ligament?

Oblique.
Perpendicular.
Apical.
Interradicular.

Question 58

Q

. According to Arzi B, et. al. Computed tomographic findings in dogs with temporomandibular joint disorder. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242 (10):69-75, the diagnosis for the lesions shown in this CT image is:

TMJ luxation.
TMJ dysplasia.
TMJ osteoarthritis.
TMJ osteomyelitis.

Answer

A

. According to Arzi B, et. al. Computed tomographic findings in dogs with temporomandibular joint disorder. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242 (10):69-75, the diagnosis for the lesions shown in this CT image is:

TMJ luxation.
TMJ dysplasia.
TMJ osteoarthritis.
TMJ osteomyelitis.

Question 59

Q

The lucency outlined in red is:

A radicular cyst
The nasal cavity
The maxillary recess
An endodontic lesion

Answer

A

The lucency outlined in red is:

A radicular cyst
The nasal cavity
The maxillary recess
An endodontic lesion

Question 60

Q

Which of the following is TRUE regarding crown preparation?

There is no advantage of preparing the crown in either clockwise or counterclockwise direction.
Crown preparation with a high-speed hand piece should be performed in a clockwise direction.
If the handpiece is held in the right hand the crown preparation should be prepared in a clockwise direction. If the handpiece is held in the left hand the crown preparation should be prepared in a counterclockwise direction.
Crown preparation with a high-speed hand piece should be performed in a counterclockwise direction around the circumference.

Answer

A

Which of the following is TRUE regarding crown preparation?

There is no advantage of preparing the crown in either clockwise or counterclockwise direction.
Crown preparation with a high-speed hand piece should be performed in a clockwise direction.
If the handpiece is held in the right hand the crown preparation should be prepared in a clockwise direction. If the handpiece is held in the left hand the crown preparation should be prepared in a counterclockwise direction.
Crown preparation with a high-speed hand piece should be performed in a counterclockwise direction around the circumference.

Question 61

Q

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the phases of tooth movement?

If pressure applied to the periodontal ligament exceeds capillary pressure, frontal bone resorption occurs.
A combination of undermining and frontal resorption occurs in clinical practice during tooth movement.
Although difficult to avoid, ideally, during orthodontic tooth movement, no bone resorption should occur.
Alveolar bone is created in areas of increased periodontal ligament pressure, and is resorbed in areas of periodontal ligament tension.

Answer

A

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the phases of tooth movement?

If pressure applied to the periodontal ligament exceeds capillary pressure, frontal bone resorption occurs.
A combination of undermining and frontal resorption occurs in clinical practice during tooth movement.
Although difficult to avoid, ideally, during orthodontic tooth movement, no bone resorption should occur.
Alveolar bone is created in areas of increased periodontal ligament pressure, and is resorbed in areas of periodontal ligament tension.

Question 62

Q

The definition of stress with respect to dental materials is:

Ratio of tensile force to the original cross-sectional area perpendicular to the direction of applied force.
Change in length per unit initial length.
Force per unit area within a structure subjected to an external force or pressure.
Force per unit area acting on the external surface of a material.

Answer

A

The definition of stress with respect to dental materials is:

Ratio of tensile force to the original cross-sectional area perpendicular to the direction of applied force.
Change in length per unit initial length.
Force per unit area within a structure subjected to an external force or pressure.
Force per unit area acting on the external surface of a material.

Question 63

Q

The apparent widened pulp canal indicated by the black arrow is most likely:

A failure of the tooth to produce dentin due to endodontic disease.
Unclassifiable tooth resorption.
Internal surface resorption.
Calcification of the apical portion of the pulp canal giving the illusion of a widened pulp canal.

Answer

A

The apparent widened pulp canal indicated by the black arrow is most likely:

A failure of the tooth to produce dentin due to endodontic disease.
Unclassifiable tooth resorption.
Internal surface resorption.
Calcification of the apical portion of the pulp canal giving the illusion of a widened pulp canal.

Question 64

Q

Which of the following is TRUE regarding sharpening a curette using the moving flat stone technique?

The instrument is held vertically so that the face of the blade is perpendicular to the floor.
The stone is placed so the angle between the face and the stone is 70 degrees.
The sharpening sequence always ends on an upstroke so as not to leave a rough edge.
A drop of oil and an India or Arkansas sharpening stone is used.

Answer

A

Which of the following is TRUE regarding sharpening a curette using the moving flat stone technique?

The instrument is held vertically so that the face of the blade is perpendicular to the floor.
The stone is placed so the angle between the face and the stone is 70 degrees.
The sharpening sequence always ends on an upstroke so as not to leave a rough edge.
A drop of oil and an India or Arkansas sharpening stone is used.

Answer 65

A

In Lohinai Z, et al. Biofilm lysine decarboxylase, a new therapeutic target for periodontal inflammation, J. Periodontol, 2015; 86(1):1176-84, which of the following if FALSE?

Lysine enters the oral cavity in gingival crevicular fluid.
Lysine depletion impairs the dental epithelial barrier to bacterial proinflammatory products.
Tranexamic acid may impair dental epithelial attachments by inhibiting lysine transporter uptake.
The lysine analog, tranexamic acid, strongly inhibitis lysine decarboxylase and therefore conversion of lysine to cadavarine by inhibiting bacterial lysine uptake.

Answer 66

A

. In Harvey C, et al. Effect of frequency of brushing teeth on plaque and calculus accumulation, and gingivitis in dogs, J Vet Dent 2015;32(1): 16-21 which of the following is TRUE?

There was no statistically significant difference in mean plaque, calculus or gingivitis values on day 29 for dogs whose teeth were brushed every other week when compared with control dogs.
There was no statistically significant difference in mean plaque, calculus or gingivitis values on day 29 for dogs whose teeth were brushed weekly or every other week when compared with control dogs
There was no statistically significant difference in mean plaque or gingivitis values on day 29 for dogs whose teeth were brushed weekly or every other week when compared with control dogs. There was a statistically significant difference in the calculus score for dogs whose teeth were brushed weekly but not every other week.
There was no statistically significant difference in mean plaque or calculus values on day 29 for dogs whose teeth were brushed weekly or every other week when compared with control dogs. There was a statistically significant difference in the gingivitis score for dogs whose teeth were brushed weekly but not every other week.

Answer 67

A

. Which of these defects has the worst prognosis with treatment with osseous surgery?

C
B
All of the lesions shown have good prognoses with osseus surgery.
A

Answer 68

A

. In Bar-Am Y, et al. Elastic training for prevention of mandibular drift following mandibulectomy in dogs: 18 cases (2005-2008), Vet Surg 2010;39:25-28, the elastic training was achieved using which of the following methods?

Attaching an orthodontic button to the buccal aspect of the fourth premolar on the side of the intact mandible and one to the lingual aspect of the ipsilateral canine tooth of the mandible.
Attaching an orthodontic button to the buccal aspect of the canine tooth of the intact mandible and one to the palatal aspect of the ipslateral maxillary fourth premolar tooth and attaching an elastic rubber chain to the buttons.
Attaching an orthodontic button to the lingual aspect of the canine tooth of the intact mandible and one to the buccal aspect of the ipsilateral maxillary fourth premolar tooth and attaching an elastic rubber chain to the buttons.
Attaching an orthodontic button to the palatal aspect of the fourth premolar on the side of the intact mandible and one to the buccal aspect of the ipsilateral canine tooth of the mandible.

Answer 69

A

Regarding biological control of tooth movement in orthodontics, which of the following is TRUE?

The two theories of biological control of tooth movement are the peizoelectric theory and the pressure-tension theory. In the peizoelectric theory, activation of the peizoelectric properties of collagen produces electric current which is believed to initiate tooth movement. In the pressure-tension theory, decreased oxygen on the compression side of the PDL results in release of chemical messengers which initiates tooth movement.
The two theories of biological control of tooth movement are the bioelectric theory and the pressure-tension theory. In the bioelectric theory, electric signals produced when alveolar bone flexes and bends and are believed to initiate tooth movement. In the pressure-tension theory, chemical messengers cause tooth movement.
The two theories of biological control of tooth movement are the peizoelectric theory and the pressure-tension theory. In the peizoelectric theory, deformation of the crystal structure of the bone matrix produces electric current which is believed to initiate tooth movement. In the pressure-tension theory, chemical messengers cause tooth movement.
The two theories of biological control of tooth movement are the bioelectric theory and the pressure-tension theory. In the bioelectric theory, stress-generated signals are believed to initiate tooth movement and in the pressure-tension theory, altered blood flow in the PDL activates cells and results in tooth movement.

Answer 70

A

In Riggs GG, et. al. clinical application of cone beam computed tomography of the rabbit head: part 2 - dental disease. Front Vet Sci 2017;4:5, the most common findings identified in CBCT images in order of frequency were:

Missing teeth, premolar and molar malocclusion, apical elongation, coronal elongation.
Coronal elongation, premolar and molar malocclusion, missing teeth, periodontal ligament space widening.
Premolar and molar malocclusion, missing teeth, apical elongation, coronal elongation.
Periodontal ligament space widening, premolar and molar malocclusion, apical elongation, coronal elongation.

Answer 71

A

This carious lesion would be classfied according to G.V. Black classification as:

Class III.
Class II.
Class IV.
Class I.

Answer 72

A

In Lewis JR, et al. Mandibular reconstruction after gunshot trauma in a dog by use of recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-2, J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 233(10):1598-1604, which of the following is TRUE regarding the exuberant response to rhBMP-2 that occurred?

Post-operative complications in this surgery, in addition to exuberant bone growth included mucosal erosion and exposure of the plates placed on the dorsolateral surface of the mandible.
Hematoma formation in the 48 hours post-operatively was ruled out as a cause of swelling at the surgical site by the lack of blood cells in the fluid aspirated from the surgical site.
The exuberant proliferation of bone in this case temporarily limited the full range of motion of the mandible.
The exuberant response most likely was caused by using a slightly higher dose of rhBMP-2 than had been previously reported.

Answer 73

A

Which of the following is TRUE about opioids?

Fentanyl is a mu antagoinst and has minimal effect on somatic pain as well as a short half life and is a poor choice for management of oral pain.
Buprenorphine is an agonist at the mu receptor and a partial agonist at the kappa receptor so can be used to reverse morphine while still having some analgesic properties.
Morphine is a pure agonist and acts on the mu, kappa and delta receptors.
Butorphanol is a partial agonist at the mu receptor only so has less profound analgesic properties as pure agonist, but is an effective analgesic for mild to moderate pain.

Answer 74

A

Which of the following is TRUE about local anesthetics?

Lidocaine, prilocaine, mepivicaine and bupivacaine are metabolized by plasma cholinesterases.
Local anesthetics act by blocking sodium channels and preventing rapid outflow of sodium ions from nerve axons.
Noxious stimulation increases the frequency of channel opening resulting in painful areas being more effectively blocked by local anesthetics.
Lipid-soluble local anesthetics work more quickly because they can penetrate the cell membrane readily but are less toxic because they are retained in cells

Answer 75

A

The lesion shown in this radiograph of a cat mandible is:

Osteomyelitis.
Artifact from over exposure of the radiograph.
Neoplasia.
It is not possible to distinguish osteomyelitis from neoplasia radiographically.

Answer 76

A

In Smith MM, et al. Dental wax decreases calculus accumulation in small dogs. J Vet Dent 2014; 31(1): 26-29, which of the following is TRUE?

The study was a randomized, crossover, outcome evaluator-blinded, client-owned animal clinical field study where the teeth were cleaned and wax was applied by owners to one side of the mouth for 45 days, followed by another cleaning and application of wax to the other side of the mouth for 45 days.
Teeth receiving treatment daily had significantly less calculus accumulation. Teeth that did not receive treatment for 4 or more consecutive days had less calculus accumulation than control teeth, but the difference was not statistically significant.
Teeth receiving treatment daily had significantly less gingivitis, but not significantly less plaque than control teeth.
The dental wax contains plant extracts that inhibit glucosyl transferases resulting in disruption of the structure of biofilms.

Answer 77

A

According to Benjamino KP, et al. Pharyngeal mucoceles in dogs: 14 cases, J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 48:31-35, which of the following is TRUE:

There was recurrence of the mucocele in only one of the dogs during the short-term study period (3 weeks post-operatively).
Golden retrievers and german shepherds were overrepresented in this study.
The mucoceles were most commonly found on the right side (54%) vs the left side (46%).
Inspiratory stridor (50%) was the most common presenting sign, while acute onset dyspnea was the second most common sign (36%).

Answer 78

A

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the general characteristics of poliglecaprone 25?

The suture has slight tissue reactivity. It retains 74% tensile strength at 14 days and is completely absorbed at 180 days.
The suture has moderate tissue reactivity. The tensile strength is unpredictable and it is completely absorbed after 45-60 days.
The suture has minimal tissue reactivity. It retains 50% of tensile strength after5 days and is completely absorbed at 42 days.
This suture has minimal tissue reactivity. At 7 days it retains 50-60% of tensile strength and complete absorption occurs at 91-119 days.

Answer 79

A

In Jackson K, et al. A retrospective study of the effectiveness of four different treatments of periodontal disease in equine cheek teeth, J Vet Dent 2016; 33(2):83-89, which of the following was NOT a treatment included in the study?

Diastema widening with a mechanical bur.
Metronidazole placement in periodontal pockets, followed by polyvinyl siloxane placement in diastema.
Extraction of teeth with excessive mobility.
Manual cleaning of diastema, irrigation of pockets with dilute chlorhexidine, followed by rinsing with chlorhexidine mouthwash.

Answer 80

A

The regional nerve block being performed here blocks which nerve?

The dorsal buccal branch of CN VII nerve .
Maxillary nerve.
Infraorbital nerve .

A nerve block is not being performed in this photograph

Answer 81

A

Which of the following is FALSE regarding clinical outcomes of power-driven instruments in humans?

A review by the American Academy of Periodontology found no difference in clinical outcomes between sonic, magnetorestrictive and piezoelectric scalers.
Power scalers improve access when scaling furcations.
In studies of efficacy for removing calculus, and studies of gains of clinical attachment, power scalers have been consistently shown to be more effective in removing calculus than hand instruments from single rooted teeth.
The primary expected clinical outcomes from scaling and root planing are a reduction in bleeding and probing depth and a gain in clinical attachments.

Answer 82

A

Scar tissue formed in oral mucosa usually remodels and minimal scar tissue forms after oral surgery. The reason for this is not fully understood, but increasing evidence exists that this is because of which of the following?

Because mucosal tissues are more pliable, the wound contraction phase of healing does not usually occur.
There are no contractile fibroblasts (myofibroblasts) in mucosal tissue.
There are markedly fewer fibroblasts in mucosal tissue than in skin.
Fibroblasts in oral mucosa are phenotypically different from those of skin and more closely resemble fetal fibroblasts.

Answer 83

A

. In Girard N, et al. Root canal treatment in dogs and cats. J Vet Dent 2006; 23(3) :148-158, which of the following is TRUE?

Entombment of bacteria within the canal using obturation techniques and material currently used separate bacteria within the canal from periradicular tissues.
Leakage studies demonstrate that root obturation provides an acceptably reliable bacteria-tight seal.
Gutta-percha provides a dependable long-term seal.
Currently available techniques to clean the root canal provide a high degree of success.

Answer 84

A

The current theory explaining dentin sensitivity involves which fibers and is called which of the following?

C-fibers, hydrodynamic mechanism of dentin sensitivity.
A-delta fibers, hydrodynamic mechanism of dentin sensitivity.
A-delta fibers, direct innervation theory.
C-fibers, direct innervation theory.

Answer 85

A

In Weeden AM, et al. Surgical approaches to the nasal cavity and sinuses, Vet Clin Small Anim 2016; 46:719-733, which of the following is FALSE?

Subcutaneous emphysema does not occur with the ventral approach to the nasal cavity.
The combined rostrolateral nasal approach should only be used for small local or benign tumors affecting the rostral septum.
The dorsal approach cannot be used to access lesions located within the nasopharynx.
Electrocoagulation, digital pressure and iced saline spiked with epinephrine are the best methods of minimizing nasal cavity hemorrhage.

Answer 86

A

Radiograph A is a postoperative radiograph of a left mandibular first molar tooth. Radiograph B shows the tooth two years later. Radiograph C was taken intraoperatively during retreatment. The most likely cause of the area shown at the red arrow is:

Sealant leakage from an accessory canal.
Tooth resorption that was not present or not filled with sealant during the intitial treatment.
Ledging that occurred during retreatment.
Sealant present in an infraboney pocket adjacent to the tooth root.

Answer 87

A

The most likely size of this endodontic file is:

55 mm
50 mm
45 mm
60 mm

Answer 88

A

Which of the following is FALSE regarding matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and periodontal pathogenesis?

MMPs are important in osteoblastic bone formation.
Tetracyclines downregulate MMPs only at the higher range of antimicrobial doses.
MMPs remove collagen remnants left over by osteoclasts.
MMPs release cytokines.

Answer 89

A

Which of the following is NOT an obturation technique in root canal treatment?

Thermoplastic injection technique.
Thermomechanical compaction technique.
Dynamic compaction technique.
Continuous wave compaction technique.

Answer 90

A

The photo shows which of the following instruments?

Kirkland gingivectomy knife.
Merrifield gingivectomy knife.
Orban gingivectomy knife.
Goldman-Fox periodontal pocket marker.

Answer 91

A

Endodontic hand files produced by cutting triangular pieces from tapered wire, and used in a push-pull manner are called:

Hedstrom files
Kerr files
Reamers
Barbed broaches

Answer 92

A

The instruments shown in this photograph are:

A - WHO probe, B - UNC-15 probe, C-University of Michigan “O” probe, with Williams markings, D - Michigan “O” probe with non-Williams markings, E - Marquis color-coded probe
A - WHO probe, B - UNC-15 probe, C- Michigan “O” probe with non-Williams markings, D - University of Michigan “O” probe, with Williams markings, E - Marquis color-coded probe
A - Marquis color-coded probe, B - UNC-15 probe, C-University of Michigan “O” probe, with Williams markings, D - Michigan “O” probe with non-Williams markings, E WHO probe

A - Marquis color-coded probe, B - UNC-15 probe, C-University of Michigan “O”

The instruments shown in this photograph are:

A - WHO probe, B - UNC-15 probe, C-University of Michigan “O” probe, with Williams markings, D - Michigan “O” probe with non-Williams markings, E - Marquis color-coded probe
A - WHO probe, B - UNC-15 probe, C- Michigan “O” probe with non-Williams markings, D - University of Michigan “O” probe, with Williams markings, E - Marquis color-coded probe
A - Marquis color-coded probe, B - UNC-15 probe, C-University of Michigan “O” probe, with Williams markings, D - Michigan “O” probe with non-Williams markings, E WHO probe

A - Marquis color-coded probe, B - UNC-15 probe, C-University of Michigan “O”

Answer 93

A

In Krug W. Area of desensitization following mental nerve block in dogs, J Vet Dent 2011; 28(3):146-150, which of the following is TRUE?

The most reliably desensitized tooth was the ipsilateral third premolar tooth.
The most reliably desensitized tooth was the ipsilateral third incisor tooth.
An algometer was used to standardize forces and temperatures applied to the teeth during testing.
Soft tissues were more reliably blocked than hard tissues.

Answer 94

A

Bradycardia associated with severe hypothermia during anesthesia is characterized on electrocardiogram by:

A prolonged QT interval.
A prolonged ST segment, with normal QRS and T waves.
Second degree (Mobitz 1) av block.
A prolonged PR interval, widening of the QRS complex and lengthening of the ST segment.

Answer 95

A

. According to Hennet P. Piezoelectric bone surgery: a review of the literature and potential applications in veterinary oromaxillofacial surgery. Front Vet Sci 2015;2(8):1-7, which of the following is NOT an advantage of piezoelectric surgery over surgical burs or oscillating saws?

Increased precision.
Reduced bleeding.
Reduced tissue trauma.
Increased speed of bone cutting.

Answer 96

A

Which of the following is FALSE regarding laser and radiosurgery?

Radiosurgery uses radiosignals to produce fine incisions with minimal heat and can also coagulate.
CO2 lasers interact with free water molecules in soft tissue.
Low-level laser therapy provides biostimulative light energy to fibroblasts increasing collagen production.
Diode and ND:YAG wavelengths target the pigments in soft tissue.

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