QZ 3 BREAK, Unit 9 (CH.13 TEXT) Flashcards
clinical vs counselling psychology
Clinical psychology is the branch of psychology that has as its primary focus on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of abnormal behavior.
counseling psychology is a branch of psychology that is concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of abnormal behavior
premorbid functioning/ incidence vs prevalence
f premorbid functioning (or level of psychological and physical performance prior to the development of a disorder, an illness, or a disability).
incidence: number of new cases
prevalence: number of active cases
evolutionary view of mental disorder
Wakefield (1992b) conceptualized mental disorder as a “harmful dysfunction.” For Wakefield, a disorder is a harmful failure of internal mechanisms to perform their naturally selected functions. Wakefield’s position is an evolutionary view of mental disorder because the internal mechanisms that break down or fail are viewed as having been acquired through the Darwinian process of natural selection. For Wakefield, the attribution of disorder entails two things: (1) a scientific judgment that such an evolutionary failure exists; and (2) a value judgment that this failure is harmful to the individual
differences in DSM 5
more culturally sensitive
no roman numerals
bereavement exclusion
biopsychosocial assessment / fatalism/ socioal support/ self efficacy
multidisciplinary approach to assessment that includes exploration of relevant biological, psychological, social, cultural, and environmental variables for the purpose of evaluating how such variables may have contributed to the development and maintenance of a presenting problem.
- as fatalism (the belief that what happens in life is largely beyond a person’s control; Caplan & Schooler, 2003), self-efficacy (confidence in one’s own ability to accomplish a task), and social support (expressions of understanding, acceptance, empathy, love, advice, guidance, care, concern, or trust from friends, family, community caregivers, or others in one’s social environment; Keefe et al., 2002) may play key roles.
therapeutic contract
. Interviews are frequently used early on in independent practice settings to solidify a therapeutic contract, an agreement between client and therapist setting forth goals, expectations, and mutual obligations with regard to a course of therapy.
tructured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID)
semi-structured interview designed to assist clinicians and researchers in diagnostic decision-making. The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) is a standardized interview designed to detect schizophrenia and disorders of affect (such as major depression, bipolar disorder, and anxiety disorders)
PAPER????
Stress interview vs hypnotic interview
Stress interview is the general name applied to any interview where one objective is to place the interviewee in a pressured state for some particular reason. = The stress may be induced to test for some aspect of personality (such as aggressiveness or hostility) that might be elicited only under such conditions.
- hypnotic interview is one conducted while the interviewee is under hypnosis. Hypnotic interviews may be conducted as part of a therapeutic assessment or intervention when the interviewee has been an eyewitness to a crime or related situations. In all such cases, the prevailing belief is that the hypnotic state will focus the interviewee’s concentration and enhance recall
cognitive interview vs collaborative interview
rapport is established and the interviewee is encouraged to use imagery and focused retrieval to recall information.
-e collaborative interview allows the interviewee wide latitude to interact with the interviewer. It is almost as if the boundary between professional assessor and lay assessee has been diminished and both are participants working closely together—collaborating—on a common mission of discovery, clarification, and enlightenment.
Critics of hypnotic interviewing suggest
Hypnotic interview procedures may inadvertently make interviewees more confident of their memories, regardless of their correctness (Dywan & Bowers, 1983; Sheehan et al., 1984). As compared to nonhypnotized interviewees, hypnotized interviewees may be more suggestible to leading questions and thus more vulnerable to distortion of memories (Putnam, 1979; Zelig & Beidleman, 1981). Some researchers believe that hypnosis of witnesses may inadvertently produce memory distortion that is irreversible (Diamond, 1980; Orne, 1979). As a result, witnesses who have been hypnotized to enhance memory may be banned from testifying (Laurence & Perry, 1988; Perry & Laurence, 1990). A new technique, similar to hypnotic interviewing involves focused meditation with eyes closed (Wagstaff et al., 2011). The researchers reported that their focused meditation technique increased memory yet was resistant to report of misleading information.
mental status examination
A parallel to the general physical examination conducted by a physician is a special clinical interview conducted by a clinician called a mental status examination. This examination, used to screen for intellectual, emotional, and neurological deficits, typically includes questioning or observation with respect to each area discussed in the following list.
uses of interviews
Interviews may be typed with respect to a number of different variables. One such variable is content. The content of some interviews, such as a general, “getting-to-know-you” interview, can be wide ranging. By contrast, other interviews focus narrowly on particular content. Another variable on which interviews differ is structure. A highly structured interview is one in which all the questions asked are prepared in advance. In an interview with little structure, few or no questions are prepared in advance, leaving interviewers the freedom to delve into subject areas as their judgment dictates. An advantage of a structured interview is that it provides a uniform method of exploration and evaluation. A structured interview, much like a test, may therefore be employed as a standardized pre/post measure of outcome. In fact, many research studies that explore the efficacy of a new medication, an approach to therapy, or some other intervention employ structured interviews as outcome measures.
Case History Data
Biographical and related data about an assessee may be obtained by interviewing the assessee and/or significant others in that person’s life. Additional sources of case history data include hospital records, school records, military records, employment records, and related documents.
Personality test battery
group of personality tests. The term projective test battery also refers to a group of personality tests, though this term is more specific because it additionally tells us that the battery is confined to projective techniques (such as the Rorschach, the TAT, and figure drawings). In shoptalk among clinicians, if the type of battery referred to is left unspecified, or if the clinician refers to a battery of tests as a standard battery, what is usually being referred to is a group of tests including one intelligence test, at least one personality test, and a test designed to screen for neurological deficit
culturally informed psychological assessment
approach to evaluation that is keenly perceptive of and responsive to issues of acculturation, values, identity, worldview, language, and other culture-related variables as they may impact the evaluation process or the interpretation of resulting data. We offer this definition not as the last word on the subject but rather as a first step designed to promote constructive and scholarly dialogue about what culturally sensitive psychological assessment really is and all that it can be.
How can culturally informed assessment best be taught?
ormal instruction should occur in the context of a curriculum with three major components: a foundation in basic assessment, a foundation in culture issues in assessment, and supervised training and experience.
shifting cultural lenses
In discerning the appropriate meaning, one must first entertain both sets of meanings or apply both sets of cultural lenses. Then one collects data to test both ideas. Ultimately, one weights the available evidence and then applies the meaning that appears to be most appropriate. It is important to note that whatever decision is made, there usually exists some degree of uncertainty.= The notion of shifting cultural lenses is intimately tied to critical thinking INTERPRETING SAME PHENOMENON THROUGH DIFF CULTURAL LENSES = MEANS DIFFERENT THINGS and hypothesis testing.
ADRESSING is an easy-to-remember acronym that may help the assessor recall various sources of cultural influence when assessing clients.
ADRESSING stand for age, disability, religion, ethnicity, social status (including variables such as income, occupation, and education), sexual orientation, indigenous heritage, national origin, and gender
military masculine ideals and ptsd problems
For male and female service people who have been taught to ascribe to military masculine ideals, the detriment in functioning occasioned by PTSD, combined with the physiological “highjacking” of the body from conscious control, may have serious consequences with regard to self-concept and self-esteem. Loss of mastery over one’s body and experiences may be equated with revocation of one’s warrior identity, and may therefore be a lifelong cause for shame. Thus, the veteran diagnosed with PTSD may see himself or herself going from “hero to zero” in fairly short order. Having been relegated to the ranks of the unfit and the disordered, negative feelings of shame may be further compounded with self-blame.
forensic psychological assessment
defined broadly as the theory and application of psychological evaluation and measurement in a legal context.
major differences between forensic and general clinical practice.
Perhaps the biggest difference is that, in the forensic situation, the clinician may be the client of a third party (such as a court) and not of the assessee. This fact, as well as its implications with respect to issues such as confidentiality, must be made clear to the assessee. Another difference between forensic and general clinical practice is that the patient may have been compelled to undergo assessment. Unlike the typical client seeking therapy, for example, the assessee is not highly motivated to be truthful. Consequently, it is imperative that the assessor rely not only on the assessee’s representations but also on all available documentation, such as police reports and interviews with persons who may have pertinent knowledge.
duty to warn
duty to warn the endangered third party—a duty that overrides the privileged communication between psychologist and client. As stated in the landmark 1974 case Tarasoff v. the Regents of the University of California, “Protective privilege ends where the public peril begins” (see Cohen, 1979, for elaboration of this and related principles).
Competence to stand trial
Competence to stand trial has to do largely with a defendant’s ability to understand the charges against them and assist in their own defense.
financial competency
knowledge and skill required for everything from managing everyday monetary transactions, to hiring a reliable investment firm to manage one’s portfolio. At a most basic level, financial knowledge has to do with the ability to accurately identify and appreciate the value of paper currency and coins. At a more advanced level, financial competency may be gauged by one’s ability to match potential beneficiaries of one’s estate (such as charitable agencies) in a way that is consistent with one’s longstanding values.
