Quotes

Question 1

“In psychology the word affect is used to mean anything that is emotional”

Answer 1

Lindquist et al., 2012

Question 2

“Emotions, Solomon says, are judgments rather than feelings (…) Emotions are conceptually sophisticated, intentional states that have objects outside of the body.”

Answer 2

Ratcliffe, 2018

Question 3

“We define emotions as episodic relatively short term, biologically based patterns of perception, experience, physiology, action and communication that occur in response to specific physical and social challenges and opportunities.
Emotions regulate the individual’s relation to the external environment.”

Answer 3

Keltner & Gross, 1999

Question 4

“Emotions are a kind of radar and rapid response system, constructing and caring meaning across the flow of experience. Emotions are the tools by which we appraise, experience and prepare to act on situations.”

Answer 4

Cole, Martin & Dennis, 2004

Question 5

“…of the two things concerning the emotions, one must be true. Either separate and special centres, affected to them alone, are their brain-seat, or else they correspond to processes occurring in the motor and sensory centres already assigned.”

Answer 5

William James, 1890

Question 6

“These models constitute a locationist account of emotion because they hypothesize that all mental states belonging to the same emotion category (e.g., fear) are produced by activity that is consistently and specifically associated with an architecturally defined brain locale […] or anatomically defined networks of locales that are inherited and shared
with other mammalian species”

Answer 6

Lindquist et al., 2012

Question 7

“all mental states, whether they are experienced as an instance of a discrete emotion category or not, are realized by more basic psychological operations or ‘ingredients’ of the mind”

Answer 7

Core Affect - Lindquist et al., 2012

Question 8

“Conceptualization is the process by which stored representations of prior experiences (i.e.,
memories, knowledge) are used to make meaning out of sensations in the moment”

Answer 8

Categorization - Lindquist et al., 2012

Question 9

“Emotion words that anchor emotion categories work hand in hand with conceptualization”

Answer 9

Lindquist et al., 2012

Question 10

“Executive attention helps direct the combination of other psychological operations to produce an emotional gestalt”

Answer 10

Lindquist et al., 2012

Question 11

“The functions of distinct brain areas […] are best understood within the context of the other
brain areas”

“(…) a psychological constructionist approach hypothesizes that the same brain areas will be
consistently activated across the instances from a range of emotion categories […], meaning
that that brain region is not specific to any emotion category (or even to emotion per se)”

Answer 11

Psychological constructionist account - Lindquist et al., 2012

Question 12

”have been claimed to underlie a large variety of psychological functions, including understanding
of others’ goals and states, imitation, speech perception, embodied simulation, empathy and
emotion recognition”

Answer 12

Mirror Neurons - Niedenthal, 2012

Question 13

“we created compounds of intense negative faces combined with positive bodies, and vice versa”

Answer 13

Emotion as a “whole” - contextualization
Aviezer, Trope & Todorov, 2012

Question 14

“Specifically, losing faces were posed as more positive when the poser viewed them on winning bodies than on losing bodies […]. Conversely, winning faces were posed as more negative when the poser viewed them on losing bodies than on winning bodies”

Answer 14

Aviezer, Trope & Todorov, 2012

Question 15

“appraisals associated with different discrete emotions lead to predictable effects on evaluation of the current state of the Situation”

Answer 15

Niedenthal, 2017

Question 16

“Precisely the same state of physiological arousal could be labelled joy or fury or jealousy, or any of a great diversity of emotional labels, depending on the cognitive aspects of the situation.”

Answer 16

Schachter & Singer, 1962

Question 17

“A particular feature of a species neural architecture was spread over generations because it enhances the possibility of dealing successfully with recurring reproductive opportunities.”

Answer 17

Survival of the gene - Niedenthal, 2017

Question 18

“Basic emotions are innate neural and bodily states that are elected rapidly and unintentionally - automatically - by biologically prepared stimuli”

Answer 18

Tomkins (1962,63), Izard (1977, 2007), Ekman (1992)

Question 19

“Appraisal is the mental process that allows you to detect object and events in your environment and evaluate their significance for your immediate well being”

Answer 19

Niedenthal, 2017

Question 20

“Emotions are lawful phenomena, and thus can be described in terms of a set of laws of emotion.”
“Emotions emerge, wax, and wane according to rules in strictly determined fashion (…) input some event with its particular kind of meaning; out comes an emotion of a particular kind. This is the law of situational meaning (…) It is meanings and the subject’s appraisal that count - that is, the relationship between events and the subject’s concerns, and not events as such. Thus, in goes a personal loss that is felt as irremediable, and outcomes grief, with a high degree of probability”

Answer 20

Frijda, 1988

Question 21

“Feeling states are labelled because they correspond to social constructions. and not because biological entities exist (e.g. disgust, fear, sadness)”

Answer 21

Niendenthal & Ric, 2017

Question 22

“At the heart of emotion, mood, and any other emotionally charged events are estates experienced as simply feeling good or bad, energized or enervate”

Answer 22

Core Affect - Russel, 2003

Question 23

“Core effect is a neurophysiological state that underlies simply feeling good or bad., drowsy or energized. Psychological construction is not one process, but an umbrella term for the various processes that produce: (a) a particular emotional episode’s ‘components’ (such as facial movement, vocal tone, appraisal, subjective experience…) (b) associations among the components; and (c) the categorization of the pattern of components as a specific emotion”

Answer 23

Core Affect - Russel, 2009

Question 24

“And what is an affect in the dynamic sense? It is in any case something highly composite. An affect includes in the first place particular motor innervations or discharges and secondarily certain feelings; the latter are of two kinds— perceptions of the motor actions that have occurred and the direct feelings of pleasure and unpleasure which, as we say, give the affect its keynote.”

Answer 24

Freud, 1917

Question 25

“the core which holds the combination we have described together is the repetition of some
particular significant experience. This experience could only be a very early impression of a very
general nature, placed in the prehistory not of the individual but of the species. To make myself more intelligible—an affective state would be constructed in the same way as a hysterical attack and, like it, would be the precipitate of a reminiscence“

Answer 25

Freud, 1917

Question 26

“Do not suppose that the things I have said to you here about affects are the recognized stock-in-trade of normal psychology. They are on the contrary views that have grown up on the soil of psychoanalysis and are native only to it. What you may gather about affects from psychology—the James-Lange theory, for example—is quite beyond understanding or discussion to us psycho-analysts.”

Answer 26

Freud, 1917

Question 27

“Emotions that are repressed — for Freud, anxiety and guilt being the most prominent — can be transmuted into different emotional expressions through the ego defences […].”

Answer 27

Turner, 2006

Question 28

“the social researcher is confronted with facts, events and data of a whole new structure.
His observational field, the social world […], has a specific structure of meaning and relevance for the people who live, think and act within it”

Answer 28

Schütz, 1953

Question 29

“the science that deals with social groups: their internal forms or modes of organization, the processes that tend to maintain or change these forms of organization, and the relations between groups”

Answer 29

on Sociology - Johnson, 1961

Question 30

“what people feel is conditioned by socialization into culture and by participation in social structures”

Answer 30

Turner & Stets, 2005