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Neuro > Quizzes part 2 > Flashcards

Quizzes part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The first motor units to be activated are:

A

Slow and fatigue-resistant

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2
Q

A spinal pre-motor neuron that projects medially, spans several segments, and crosses the midline is most likely to connect with:

A

Trunk motor neurons

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3
Q

When a limb bud is removed, the motor pools of motor neurons that would innervate the muscles in that limb are smaller because

A

Motor neurons without a target die

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4
Q

The first axon to follow a pathway is called a

A

Pioneer

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5
Q

The first axon to follow a pathway is called a

A

Pioneer

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6
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglion explants respond to multiple neurotrophic factors because

A

Different sensory neurons respond to different factor

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7
Q

Spinal interneurons that cross the midline in the flexion reflex:

A

Help you to stay upright when you lift the other foot.

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8
Q

The relative duration of stance and swing phases

A
  • vary depending on the gait
  • are most similar during trotting
    -are determined by central pattern generators in the spinal cord
    -all of these
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9
Q

A single motor neuron will innervate

A

many muscle fibers

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10
Q

A common feature of interneurons that control the timing of activity in a central pattern generator is

A

reciprocal inhibition

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11
Q

You are looking at fly embryos, and find one that lacks the longitudinal tracts that extend from the anterior to posterior ends of the nervous system. You suspect it is a mutant in the gene _____.

A

roundabout (robo)

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12
Q

A loss-of-function mutation in netrin will result in

A

fewer axons crossing the midline

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13
Q

When a limb bud is removed, the motor pools of motor neurons that would innervate the muscles in that limb is smaller because

A

motor neurons without a target die

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14
Q

A neuron in V1 which has an ocular dominance score of 4 receives input

A

from both eyes equally

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15
Q

During the stance phase of locomotion

A

extensor muscles are more active than flexor muscles

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16
Q

A motor unit:

A

-consists of one motoneuron and the muscle fibers it innervates
- is one of many hundred that control a given muscle
-consists of a single fiber type
-all of these

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17
Q

When a filopodium encounters a repulsive cue it

A

retracts

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18
Q

Adding an extra limb bud to a chick

A

prevents the death of neurons that would normally die

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19
Q

Dorsal root ganglion neurons

A

-are dervied from neural crest
-may require either NT-3, NGF, or BDNF
-encode sensory information
-all of these

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20
Q

At the midline

A

Netrin initially attracts axons, and then slit repels them

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21
Q

Strabismus

A

Increases the number of V1 neurons that respond to one eye or the other, but not both

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22
Q

In normal adult cats, most V1 neurons recieve input from

A

both eyes

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23
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglion explants respond to multiple neurotrophic factors because

A

different sensory neurons respond to different factors

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24
Q

During normal development in mammals, the numbers of pre- and postsynaptic cells are matched by

A

making too many and killing the extras

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25
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

sense active tension

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26
Q

When an animal’s gait changes from walking to galloping, which of the following changes?

A
  • the phasing of fore and hindlimb movment
  • the duration of stance and swing phases
  • the phasing of limb movement on the two side
  • all of these
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27
Q

When Slit binds to Robo the axon is

A

repelled

28
Q

Blindfolding one eye after the critical period is over

A

will have no effect on ocular dominance

29
Q

Strabismus disrupts normal ocular dominance because

A

the image falls onto the wrong part of one retina, desynchonizing inputs to
the cortex

30
Q

As a result of cerebellar long-term depression

A

inhibition of neurons in deep cerebellar nuclei by Purkinje neurons is reduced

31
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of Purkinje cells that allows for the high level of convergence from the granule cells?

A

An elaborate dendritic tree that extends perpendicularly to the parallel fibers

32
Q

Fibers from structure(s) cross the midline prior to synapsing in the cerebellum?

A

Pontine nuclei

33
Q

Synaptic depression of the gill-siphon withdrawal reflex in Aplysia

A

is homosynaptic

34
Q

Which of the following does not involve the cAMP- PKA pathway?

A

long-term depression in the cerebellum

35
Q

Long-term depression (LTP) is considered to be anti-Hebbian

A

because simultaneous activation of pre-and postsynaptic neurons causes weakening of a synapse

36
Q

Long-term potentiation can activate “silent” synapses by

A

causing the addition of AMPA-type glutamate receptors

37
Q

In classical conditioning, the subject will respond to unconditioned stimulus

A

always

38
Q

Which of the following is not affected by blocking protein synthesis?

A

massed training

39
Q

In order to disrupt a memory of that has already formed through fear conditioning anisomycin must be administered

A

at the time the memory is recalled

40
Q

What cell type does not have direct contact with Purkinje cells?

A

Mossy fibers

41
Q

Fibers from which structure(s) cross the midline prior to synapsing in the cerebellum

A

Pontine nuclei

42
Q

Feedback information about motor errors is transmitted to the cerebellar cortex via

A

climbing fibers from neurons in the inferior olive

43
Q

Synaptic plasticity can last as long as

A

the life of an organism

44
Q

During sensitization of the gill withdrawal reflex in Aplysia, serotonin (5-HT) released is caused by

A

a noxious stimulus to the tail

45
Q

Facilitation of the gill-siphon withdrawal reflex in Aplysia

A

all of these
-involves block of a K channel
- is heterosynaptic
-requires serotonin

46
Q

Which of the following is evidence that hippocampal LTP is requires for spatial memory in the Morris water maze?

A

learning is blocked by APV

47
Q

Compared to wild-type flies, dunce flies

A

do not learn to associate odor with foot shock

48
Q

Long-term memory in flies requires

A

-activation of CREB
- synthesis of new proteins
- multiple training sessions with time in between
-all of these

49
Q

During postnatal synaptic refinement, such as synapse elimination in the cerebellum or development of ocular dominance in the visual cortex, presynaptic neurons that lose synapses on one target cell

A

keep synapses on other target cells are generated

50
Q

Closing one eye of an adult cat (> 1 year old) will

A

not affect ocular dominance at all

51
Q

If the input from the contralateral eye was blocked during the first three months of a cat’s life, the ipsilateral eye will dominate the visual cortex for

A

the entire life of the cat

52
Q

When synaptic connection would be most affected by the presence of a GABA antagonist in the cerebellum?

A

Purkinje cell input onto deep cerebellar nuclear cells

53
Q

Protein synthesis is critical for

A

both late long-term potentiation and long-term memory

54
Q

Which of the following is an example of heterosynaptic plasticity?

A

sensitization of the Aplysia gill withdrawal reflex

55
Q

Consolidation refers to

A

the transfer of a memory from short-to long-term storage

56
Q

Classical conditioning is a form of

A

implicit memory

57
Q

The axon terminals of neurons projecting to the cerebellum from pontine nuclei, the spinal cord, and vestibular nuclei are called

A

mossy fibers

58
Q

Axons from the cerebellum cortex that provide input to the cerebellum

A

must synapse in the pontine nuclei

59
Q

Hippocampal long-term depression

A

requires a lower stimulation frequency than long-term potentiation

60
Q

Long-term depression (LTP) is considered to be anti-Hebbian

A

because stimultaneous activation of pre-and postsynaptic neurons causes weakening of a synapse

61
Q

Long-term fear conditioning

A

requires protein synthesis in the amygdala

62
Q

Feed-forward information regarding intended movement is carried by

A

parallel fibers from granule cells

63
Q

The two loops of the cerebellum are

A

deep excitatory and cortical inhibitory

64
Q

In hippocampal LTP, the “coincidence detector” is

A

the NMDA receptor

65
Q

Reconsolidation refers to

A

the need to restore a memory each time it is recalled

66
Q

Loss of cerebellum

A

Block the ability to adjust the gain of the vestibulo-ocular reflex

Neuro (7 decks)

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