Quizzes Over Exam 2 Material Flashcards
Which neurons carry info from the peripheral nervous system towards the central nervous system
sensory
name two major characteristics of the central nervous system
centralization and cephalization
this part of the brain communicates closely with the endocrine system
hypothalamus
this part of the brain is the area where the majority of integration and processing occurs in the brain (ie. taking in all the incoming messages, organizing them and generating a response)
cerebral cortex
the 2 types of neural circuits involving the spinal cord are the ________ which carry info to/from the brain and the _____ which carry info to/from the periphery.
Ascending/descending circuits
local circuits
what part of the neuron is responsible for making (peptide/protein) neurotransmitters?
cell body (soma)
what part of the neuron is responsible for releasing neurotransmitters?
axon terminal (pre-synaptic terminal)
which glial cell forms the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system?
Schwann cells
what is the resting membrane potential of a neuron
-65 mV
at resting membrane potential, the neuron is more permeable to which ion?
K+
which of the following represents a membrane potential that is depolarized compared to resting membrane potential?
- 40mV
- 65mV
- 80mV
-40mV
when membrane depolarization reaches a certain threshold, which membrane channels are the first to open?
voltage-gated sodium channels
During the falling phase of the action potential what do the channels do?
Voltage-gated sodium channels inactive, voltage-gated potassium channels open
why do action potentials only travel in one direction down the axon (ie. from the cell body towards the axon terminal)?
the voltage-gated sodium channels in the upstream portion of the axon (where the action potential has just occurred) may still be inactive, making that segment of membrane non-responsive to membrane depolarization
the voltage-gated potassium channels in the upstream portion of the axon (where the action potential has just occurred) may still be open, causing a hyper-polarized membrane.
name one factor that can lead to an increase in the speed that the action potential travels down the axon.
increased axon diameter, increased temp, increased myelination
which of the following types of NT receptors cause a direct effect on membrane permeability for ions
ionotropic
which ion must flow into the axon terminal in order for NT release to occur?
Ca2+
which type of receptor is used for ionotropic synapses?
ligand-gated ion channel
which type of summation refers to the net effect of the same pre-synaptic neuron being stimulated multiple times in rapid succession?
temporal
which type of NT receptor is used in a neuromuscular synapse?
Na+/K+ -ATPase receptor
Which of the following correctly describes a metabotropic NT receptor?
G-coupled protein receptor.
with regards to spinal nerves, the sensory neurons enter the spinal cord through the _____ horn and motor neurons leave the spinal cord through the ____ horn
dorsal, ventral
regarding the somatic nervous system … True or false? There is a single neuron that travels from the spinal cord to the target tissue
true
regarding the somatic nervous system … True or false? the NT used at the target tissue is acetylcholine
true
regarding the somatic nervous system … True or false? target tissues of the somatic nervous system include internal organs and smooth muscle
false
regarding the somatic nervous system … True or false? neurons in the somatic nervous system always have an excitatory effect on the target tissue
true
when this branch of the autonomic nervous system is activated, effects include an increase in heart rate and a decrease in digestive function
sympathetic
the motor portion of the sympathetic nervous system has 2 neurons: the axon of the pre-ganglionic neuron is relatively ____ and the axon of the post-ganglionic neuron is relatively _____ .
short
long
what neurotransmitter is released form the post-ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system?
acetylcholine
the process of converting sensory info into an electrical signal is known as
transduction
which sense does not use an ionotropic form of transduction
vision
in order for a species to be able to experience a lot of different tastes, what other sense must also be involved?
smell
what is the name of the receptor cell associated with hearing?
hair
accurate depth perception relies heavily on which type of vision?
binocular
which of the following terms refers to the name of the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber?
sarcolemma
which of the following terms refers to the name of the connective tissue layer that surrounds each muscle fiber?
endomysium
which of the following proteins is not part of the thin filament in skeletal muscle: actin, myosin, tropomyosin, troponin.
myosin
what is the name of the repeating contractile unit that makes up the myofibril?
sarcomere
in the skeletal muscle, calcium binds to which of the following proteins?
troponin
during skeletal muscle contraction, ATP binds to which protein?
myosin
which type of muscle does calcium cause muscle contraction by increasing the phosphorylation of myosin?
smooth muscle
what is the name of the NT involved in signaling skeletal muscle contraction?
acetylcholine
from what muscle fiber organelle is calcium released during muscle contraction?
sarcoplasmic reticulum
