quizzes exam 1 Flashcards
The blood-brain is most permeable to what kind of molecule?
small, lipid soluble
The CNS is comprised of…
the brain and the spine
WOTF is NOT part of the “reward circuit”?
tectum
Which division of the networks system controls the gut?
enteric
What ionic movement begins an action potential?
entrance to sodium (NA+) ions
Which division of the nervous system controls bodily organs, glands, ducts, and pupils?
Autonomic
An ion channel that contains a receptor site is called?
Ionotropic receptors
WOTF is NOT a monoanime?
glutamate
Which neurotransmitter is particularly important for mood, appetite; and sleep?
serotonin
Which ROA is characterized as “enteral”?
oral and rectal
Drugs administrated “sublingually” (under the tongue) and drugs administered orally are absorbed mostly in the ________ and ________.
mouth; small intestine
All of the following drug attributes DECREASE the likelihood of drug absorption EXCEPT:
small size - INCREASES likelihood of drug absorption
What are two main differences between capillaries in the periphery and capillaries in the brain?
capillaries in the brain have tighter junctions and are surrounded by membranes of astrocyte cells
Of the following, which is the most dangerous mode of drug administration?
intravenous
The degradation of drugs by enzymes present in the gastrointestinal tract and liver is known as:
first-pass metabolism
Most drugs are excreted via the
kidneys
The time for plasma level of a drug to fall by 50% is called the
elimination half life
The “steady-state” concentration of a drug is
achieved when the amount of drug administered per until time equals the amount eliminated per unit time
The ability of liver enzymes to degrade a drug more efficiently in the continued presence of the drug is termed
metabolic tolerance
WOTF drug names are capitalized?
trade
“Pharmacodynamic” tolerance occurs in the _________; “metabolic” tolerance occurs in the _________.
synapse/neuron; liver
The study of the effects a drug has when it binds to its target/receptor is termed
pharmacodynamics
A drug that is more efficacious than another drug has
a larger maximum effect
Most side effects are
predictable and mild
The observation that caffeine cannot exert as much CNS stimulation as amphetamine indicates that caffeine
is less efficacious than amphetamine
During pregnancy
intestinal motility decreases
A drug that is more potent than another drug has
a smaller ED50
According to the DEA, the most dangerous drugs are typically scheduled as
I (1)
Affinity refers to
the strength of attraction between molecule (ligand) and its target (receptor)
The therapeutic index (TI) refers to
relative safety of a drug
Compared to males, most females
have more fat
The dose of a drug that produces the desired effects in half of the subjects is called the drug’s
ED50
The term placebo is best described as
a pharmacologically inactive substance that elicits a significant therapeutic response
A drug that blocks the effect of the naturally occurring (endogenous) compound is called:
an antagonist
WOTF is NOT a negative symptom of schizophrenia?
Disorganized behavior
Phenothiazines are in the class of antipsychotics known as
FGA
What is the primary indication of haloperidol?
psychosis
The word tardive in tardive dyskinesia indicates that the symptoms
appear later in treatment
Amisulphide is a good choice of antipsychotic for patients who have a high risk for
diabetes
In general, antipsychotics have _________ potential for dependence, and a _________ potential for tolerance.
weak and weak
The most problematic side effect caused by clozapine is
agranulocytosis
The single best predictor of antipsychotic efficacy in a drug is an affinity for _______ receptors
D2
WOTF is NOT a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
Flat affect
An off-label use for risperidone is
OCD
Cariprazine should not be used by
Elderly patients with dementia related psychosis
What is the most common side effect of treatment with olanzapine?
weight gain
The percentage of the world’s population suffering from schizophrenia is
1%
Chlorpromazine was originally developed to be a
sedative
Loxapine is the only antipsychotic that
is administered via inhalation
The uncontrollable movements of muscles commonly in the limbs, face. and tongue produces by ACUTE treatment with antipsychotics are called
Dystonia
The major side effect of the FGA is
motor impairment
Impairment of memory is a side effect clearly associated with the use of
TCAs
Compared to SSRIs, TCAs are:
equally effective, but have different side effects
The tricyclic antidepressants differ from Prozac and Zoloft in that they also have major effects on _____.
Norepinephrine
An SNRI would be a good treatment choice for someone with
MDD and pain
The neurogenic theory of depression stems from recent findings that in the mature brain
neurons are capable of being repaired and produced
What type of antidepressant is amitriptyline?
TCAs
Of the following classes of antidepressant drugs, the one associated with the highest incidence of sexual dysfunction is
SSRIs
If an SSRI is taken in conjunction with an MAOI, the levels of 5-HT can become dangerously high leading to
serotonin syndrome
First-generation tricyclic antidepressants are defined by a commonality in basic
molecular structure
What is the pharmacodynamic mechanism of bupropion?
It blocks DA and NE reuptake
Orthostatic hypotension is a common side effect of
TCAs and MAOIs
Which statement below best described the pharmacodynamics of escitalopram?
It primarily affects 5-HT systems with minimal effects on NE/DA/ACh systems
Venlafaxine is a/an
SNRI
Which neurotransmitters are affected by amitriptyline?
NE, ACh, 5-HT
Valproate appears to be more effective for patients who have ___________, compared to lithium.
mixed episodes
One of the biggest problems with carbamazepine is that it can induce
agranulocytosis
Topamax is used in the treatment of Bipolar Disorder to decrease
weight gain
Electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) is sometimes used to treat Bipolar Disorder because
it has rapid effects
Atypical antipsychotics are often used as a first-line treatment for Bipolar Disorder bc
they have a safer profile than lithium
The rate of suicide for bipolar patients is approximately _______ times that of the general population.
10
One of the most serious side effects associated with taking Lamictal is
rash
What is the ORIGINAL primary indication for lamotrigine?
Seizure disorder/epilepsy
Bipolar patients spend most of their lives in a ____________ state
asymptomatic
WOTF is NOT a side-effect of lithium?
Extra-pyramidal symptoms (EPS)
Rapid onset , reversible, gait disturbances, similar to Parkingson’s
The therapeutic index for lithium is _________; the antidote for overdose is __________
low; unavailable
Similarly to antidepressants, lithium appears to
increase neuroprotective factors
Oxcarbazepine is an improvement of the carbamazepine molecule and has a better side effect profile/ WOTF is NOT one of the improvements?
Less weight gain
Anti-epileptics include all of the following drugs except:
Lithium
In addition to treating anxiety, Buspirone can be used to improve the ___________ side effects caused by SSRIs.
sexual
Alprazolam is contraindicated in patients who
smoke
Compared to barbiturates, benzos are
safer
Barbiturates and benzos bind to what kind of receptor?
GABAA
Of the following anxiety disorders, which one has equal gender ratios?
social anxiety
Compared to benzos, SSRIs seem to be particularly effective for treating
OCD
Propanolol is a
beta blocker
WOTF neurotransmitters is NOT thought to be important to the etiology of anxiety?
dopamine
Barbiturates. are in a class of drugs known as
sedative-hynoptics
Venlafaxine is associateed with a higher risk of _______ in young (<24) patients
suicide
Benzos differ from one another mainly in terms of
pharmacokinetics
The most common sub-type of anxiety is
phobia
Stimulation of the GABAA1 receptor is thought to result in all of the following effects EXCEPT
anxiolytics
The most common cause of death when combining benzos with another CNS depressant (like alcohol) is
respiratory depression
The anticipatory anxiety experienced by people who have panic attacks can sometimes progress to
agoraphobia
Drugs that reduce the activity of the _________ seem to be particularly efficacious for treating Panic Disorder.
Lorus coeruleus
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of Buspirone?
it is immediately effective
Unlike other anxiolytics, beta-blockers primarily work:
peripherally
The cortical hyperactivity seen in patients with anxiety disorders is thought to be due to all of the following EXCEPT:
DA hypofunction
WOTF is NOT a concern regarding barbituarates?
Some have extremely long half-lives
What is the leading cause of PTSD?
automobile accidents
In the past, use of kava has been linked to
hepatotoxicity
an acute or chronic liver injury
All of the following are active compounds found in kava EXCEPT
terpene trilacones
Pharmacodynamically, valerian is classified as an
GABA agonist
Kava has pharmacodynamic effects very similar to
alcohol
An important pharmacodynamic effect of gingko biloba is
anticoagulation
An important property of omega-3 fatty acids is that they have ____________ effects.
anti-inflammatory
The active ingredient is St. John’s wort is thought to be
hypericum perfortatum
The pharmacodynamic mechanism of St. John’s wort is very similar to that of
TCAs
Kava grows naturally in what part of the world?
South Pacific
What part of the kava plant is traditionally consumed?
roots
Gingko biloba is mainly used to improve:
cognition
WOTF plants is NOT used as an anxiolytic?
Ma huang
Valerian is best described as a/n:
sedative
Toxicity can result from the consumption of the gingko biloba
seeds
Valerian is commonly used to treat all of the following EXCEPT
high blood pressure
WOTF conditions is ma huang used for?
asthma
Gingko biloba should not be combined with
aspirin
What is the ideal ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids?
1:1
Ma huang should not be combined with caffeine, as this can increase the risk of
cardiac arrest
