Quizzes Flashcards by K A

Molecular anthropologists have used genetic technologies to investigate the relationships between human populations as well as nonhuman primates.

A) True

B) False

A) True

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Which of the following was one of the most observable physical differences in physical anthropologists’ early studies of human variation?

A) eye color

B) shape of head and face

C) height

D) weight

E) hair color

B) shape of head and face

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Which of the following is not a field of specialization within physical anthropology?

A) human evolution

B) human population genetics

C) primatology

D) ethnography

E) palaeo-anthropology

D) ethnography

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____________ is the study of anatomical and behavior human evolution as evidenced by the fossil record.

A) Paleoanthropology

B) Osteology

C) Primatology

D) Anthropometry

E) Paleopathology

A) Paleoanthropology

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Which statement about human races best summarizes anthropological findings?

A) Popular racial categories are socio-cultural constructs of no potential biological significance.

B) Popular racial categories need to be further refined to formulate biologically significant units

C) Popular racial categories are biologically significant units of anthropological analysis

D) Popular racial categories are socio-cultural constructs of biological significance

E) Popular racial categories have no biological or socio-cultural significance.

A) Popular racial categories are socio-cultural constructs of no potential biological significance.

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_______ focuses on the study of skeletal remains from archaeological sites.

A) osteology

B) bioarchaeology

C) paleopathology

D) forensic anthropology

E) primate paleontology

B) bioarchaeology

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Anthropology began as a specialized discipline in the 19th century within a theoretical school called evolutionism.

A) True

B) False

A) True

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What type of specialist uses anthropological techniques to identify skeletal remains in cases of disaster?

A) paleoanthropologists

B) primatologists

C) archaeologists

D) cultural anthropologists

E) forensic anthropologists

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The attempt to evaluate and understand a custom in the context of one’s own culture is called:

A) ethnography

B) cultural ecology

C) the etic approach

D) ethnocentrism

E) cultural relativism

D) ethnocentrism

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The four major principles of cultural relativisim, laid out by Franz Boas in the 1920’s, include all of the following except

A) Cultural aspects of human behaviour are not biologically based or conditioned but are acquired solely through learning.

B) Cultural behaviour can be understood as a biological conditioned response to environmental stimuli.

C) Cultural conditioning of behaviour is ultimately accomplished through habituation rather than rational deliberation.

D) All cultures are equally developed according to their own priorities and values; none is better, more advanced, or less primitive than any other.

E) Cultural traits cannot be classified or interpreted according to universal categories appropriate to “human nature”. They assume meaning only within the context a particular culture.

B) Cultural behaviour can be understood as a biological conditioned response to environmental stimuli.

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The theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics has recently displaced natural selection as mainstream science’s most accepted theory of evolutionary change.

A) True

B) False

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Carolus Linnaeus

A) established a binomial system of classification for plants and animals

B) was a proponent of evolutionary change

C) opposed all notions of fixity of species

D) was a supporter of Charles Darwin

E) developed theories of natural selection

A) established a binomial system of classification for plants and animals

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Meiosis produces a cell with what proportion of chromosomes of standard body cells?

A) 1/4

B) 1/2

C) the same

D) twice

E) four times

B) 1/2

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A manifestation of sickle-cell anemia is the abnormal hemoglobin S reduces the ability of red blood cells to transport oxygen throughout the body.

A) True

B) False

A) True

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Charles Darwin discovered the mechanism by which random variation occurs.

A) True

B) False

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Evolution will ensure that new strains of common diseases will become less frequent than their original ones because of natural selection.

A) True

B) False

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There are no well-documented examples of natural selection operating in natural populations.

A) True

B) False

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Growing attacks on traditional beliefs resulted in a growing awareness of biological diversity. _________ challenged a notion proposed by Aristotle to account for the movement of the sun and planets.

A) Copernicus

B) Linnaeus

C) Darwin

D) Wallace

E) Mendel

A) Copernicus

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Polygenic traits account for few, if any, of the readily observable phenotypic variation seen in humans.

A) True

B) False

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If the allele for Blood Type A is dominant and for Type O recessive, a mating between a homozygous A father and homozygous O mother will produce:

A) type A 25% of the time, Type O 75% of the time

B) type A 50% of the time, Type O 50% of the time

C) type A 75% of the time, Type O 25% of the time

D) type O offspring all of the time

E) type A children all the time

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What are disease-causing organisms such as bacteria and viruses called?

A) pathogens

B) vectors

C) pandemics

D) endemics

E) antigens

A) pathogens

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A polytypic species

A) is one that has no phenotypic variability

B) has never been observed in nature

C) is one composed of local populations that differ from one another with regard to the expression of no more than three traits

D) is one composed of local populations that differ from one another with regard to the expression of one or more traits

E) is composed of widely dispersed populations

D) is one composed of local populations that differ from one another with regard to the expression of one or more traits

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Why do many forensic anthropologists still use the concept of “race” when identifying human skeletal remains?

A) It provides a convenient, though scientifically questionable, category for narrowing search parameters

B) Forensic anthropologists can correctly identify a skeleton’s “race” nearly 100% of the time

C) Because race is biologically, not socially, constructed

D) Other than “race”, there is very little useful information that can be drawn from skeletal remains

E) Race is an accurate and productive way to describe human biological variation

A) It provides a convenient, though scientifically questionable, category for narrowing search parameters

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Allen’s rule states that:

A) people in warm climates tend to have longer arms and legs

B) people in warm climates tend to have larger bodies

C) people in tropical regions tend to have darker skin

D) people in cold climates tend to have larger bodies

E) people in cold climates tend to have longer arms and legs

A) people in warm climates tend to have longer arms and legs

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Bergmann's rule A) states that a linear body with long arms and legs is optimal for cold climates B) concerns the relationship between climate and shape and size of appendages C) is based upon the principle that as arms increase in length, there is a corresponding increase in surface area D) is based on the principle that heat is retained at the body surface E) states that bodies with increased mass or volume to surface area are optimal for cold climates

E) states that bodies with increased mass or volume to surface area are optimal for cold climates

Anders Retzius was the first scientist to classify humans into races. A) True B) False

B) False

Acclimatization refers to which of the following? A) long-term adaptations of species to certain environmental conditions B) an individual's short-term physiological responses to the environment C) the appearance of a new species D) slow genetic changes in populations E) changes in climate

B) an individual's short-term physiological responses to the environment

Skin colour in human populations assumes a lighter shade as their locations are farther from the equator. This generalization is explained by: A) natural selection B) migration C) genetic drift D) cladogenesis E) speciation

A) natural selection

What do molecular studies indicate with regards to human population genetics? A) there is more genetic diversity between populations than within them B) there is more genetic diversity within populations than between them C) there is no genetic diversity between populations D) there is no genetic diversity within a population E) geographical boundaries and genetic population compatibility usually coincide

B) there is more genetic diversity within populations than between them

Which of the following is an epoch of the Cenozoic era? A) Ordovician B) Permian C) Triassic D) Cambrian E) Eocene

E) Eocene

What is a niche? A) a similarity in structure or function between species B) the process by which an organism becomes better suited to its environment C) the conditions of the environment to which an organism is adapted D) a chemical signal causing a behavioural response E) a conceptual framework in which theories are developed

C) the conditions of the environment to which an organism is adapted

Anagenesis is a pattern of speciation where: A) the populations of a single species develop divergent characteristics in different environments B) the populations of a single species evolve together in the same direction C) gene frequencies change because of random variation D) different species take on similarities because of similar selective pressures E) competing species replace one another

B) the populations of a single species evolve together in the same direction

What is the term for the ordering of organisms into categories, such as orders or families? A) evolution B) classification C) parallelism D) analogy E) generalization

B) classification

To what does the term endothermic refer? A) mammalian tooth shapes B) the loss of heat in animals without fur C) using metabolic activity to maintain a constant body temperature D) using sunlight as a means of maintaining a constant body temperature E) energy is generated externally

C) using metabolic activity to maintain a constant body temperature

During the ___________ mammals replaced reptiles as the dominant form of land vertebrate. A) Cenozoic B) Paleozoic C) Mesozoic D) Precambrian E) Permian

A) Cenozoic

Which of the following is most accurate to say about sexual dimorphism? A) It refers to behavioural differences between adults and adolescents of the same species B) It is seen in all primate species C) It refers to physical differences between males and females of the same species D) It is more common among arboreal species E) It is least pronounced in gorillas

C) It refers to physical differences between males and females of the same species

Which two primary schools of classification are discussed in the text? A) generalized and specialized B) organic and inorganic C) evolutionary systematics and cladistics D) cladistics and non-cladistics E) ancestral and derived (modified)

C) evolutionary systematics and cladistics

The variation that exists among individuals within a species is termed interspecific variation. A) True B) False

B) False

What is the evolutionary process that produces analogous structures called? A) speciation B) homology C) homoplasy D) founder effect E) evolutionary systematics

C) homoplasy

Orangutan adults have a very active locomotion pattern, and they frequently brachiate. A) True B) False

B) False

Arms that are longer than the legs, and a short stable lumbar spine are traits associated with A) brachiation B) vertical clinging and leaping C) arboreal quadrupedalism D) terrestrial quadrupedalism E) full-time bipedalism

A) brachiation

Humans and New World monkeys both have a 2.1.2.3 dental formula. A) True B) False

B) False

The primate group that include lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers is: A) monkeys B) catarrhines C) platyrrhines D) prosimians E) apes

D) prosimians

Scientists who use the behavioral ecology approach believe that primate behaviors have evolved through the operation of natural selection. A) True B) False

A) True

Bonobo communities, like those of chimpanzees, are centered around male-male bonds. A) True B) False

B) False

As an order, primates A) have highly specialized traits B) can be easily defined by one or two traits C) lack traits that define the mammals D) have generalized traits E) have very narrow, or specialized, dietary preferences

D) have generalized traits

Linguistic symbols are said to be ________ because they do not resemble the object or concept they represent. A) autonomic B) deliberate C) arbitrary D) closed E) innate

C) arbitrary

Which of the following are not hominoids? A) bonobos B) gorillas C) orangutans D) chimpanzees E) baboons

E) baboons

Which of the traits listed below is not used to define the order Primates? A) a tendency towards erect posture B) an inflexible, specialized limb structure C) hands and feet with a high degree of prehensility D) retention of five digits on the hands and feet E) generalized dentition

B) an inflexible, specialized limb structure

What do archaeologists assume is the source of the organization and structure of the archaeological record? A) past human behavior B) geologic processes C) stratigraphic succession D) primary contexts E) home-based foraging

A) past human behavior

_______ relies on identifying changes in the orientation of the earth's geomagnetic poles. A) Stratigraphy B) Potassium argon dating C) Fluorine analysis D) Biostratigraphy E) Paleomagnetism

E) Paleomagnetism

Culture is defined by which of the following characteristics? A) economic activities B) symbolic communication C) social organization D) material culture E) cognitive, political, social, economic and technological components

E) cognitive, political, social, economic and technological components

Taphonomy is defined as: A) the precise temporal and spatial relationship between artifacts and features B) the study of hominin locomotion C) the study of how material are buried and preserved D) the study of past environment E) establishing chronological relationships within a site

C) the study of how material are buried and preserved

The spatial and temporal relationships between artifacts and features is known as: A) context B) taphonomy C) palynology D) absolute dating E) site survey

A) context

The various components of hominin biocultural evolution developed simultaneously. A) True B) False

B) False

Reconstructing human technology and material culture as a means of generating testable ideas about the past is known as A) experimental archaeology B) processual archaeology C) ethnoarchaeology D) ethology E) paleoanthropology

A) experimental archaeology

Seriation dates objects using the principle of superposition. A) True B) False

B) False

The process of assigning an absolute age of materials is known as: A) context dating B) stratigraphic succession C) relative dating D) chronometric dating E) calendric succession

D) chronometric dating

Which of the following is a justification for conducting archaeological excavation? A) to determine that all the 2,000 year old sites that exist were laid down 2,000 years ago. B) most professional attitudes toward excavations have remained the same for over two centuries. C) most information cannot be provided through site survey D) excavation is not destructive E) data is needed about specific important questions or sites are threatened with destruction

E) data is needed about specific important questions or sites are threatened with destruction

When did the initial hominid divergence from the African hominoids most likely occur? A) during the late Miocene B) during the early Miocene C) as late as 1 mya D) 3 mya E) 20 to 30 kya

A) during the late Miocene

Anatomical changes in hominins indicative of habitual bipedal locomotion include A) feet with opposable big toes for grasping B) shortening and broadening of the pelvis C) increased length of arms relative to legs D) increased length of the spine E) increased length of pelvis

B) shortening and broadening of the pelvis

The term 'hominin' refers to A) all great apes B) modern humans and now extinct bipedal relatives C) all bipedal apes D) only modern humans E) only extinct bipedal relatives

B) modern humans and now extinct bipedal relatives

By using the designation Homo habilis, what was Louis Leakey not implying? A) There were at least two hominin lineages present at Olduvai Gorge B) The Homo lineage was distinct from the australopithecines C) That Homo habilis was more closely related to modern humans than were the australopiths D) That Homo habilis was more closely related to australopithecines E) Members of the group were the early Olduvai toolmakers

D) That Homo habilis was more closely related to australopithecines

The earliest stone tools are dated to approximately A) 26,000 years old B) 260,000 years old C) 2.6 million years old D) 26 million years old E) 56 million years old

C) 2.6 million years old

Hominin emergence is characterized by the simultaneous appearance of bipedalism, toolmaking behavior, and a large brain. A) True B) False

B) False

Which genus is found in the Fayum and is probably close to the ancestry of both major groups of living Old World anthropoids? A) Apidium B) Sivapithecus C) Australopithecus D) Paranthropus E) Aegyptopithecus

E) Aegyptopithecus

By about 2 mya, which of the following was true? A) All hominins were members of the same genus B) There were one or more species of the genus Homo present in East Africa C) Modern humans were living alongside australopiths D) All hominins still lived only in East Africa E) There was only one hominid species present in Asia

B) There were one or more species of the genus Homo present in East Africa

Sahelanthropus has an unusual combination of characteristics, including A) a small braincase, huge browridges, small vertical face, and lack of shearing canine/premolar arrangement B) a large braincase and huge browridges C) a small braincase and small muscle attachments in the rear of the cranium D) a small vertical face and small browridges E) a large vertical face and small browridges

A) a small braincase, huge browridges, small vertical face, and lack of shearing canine/premolar arrangement

For humans, culture integrates an entire adaptive strategy involving all of the following except A) cognitive components B) political components C) economic components D) social components E) biological components

E) biological components

The name Homo ergaster A) was suggested for use when referring to African Homo erectus specimens B) was suggested for use when referring to Asian Homo erectus specimens C) is currently used when referring to Asian Homo erectus specimens D) was initially proposed by Eugene Dubois E) refers to later Homo erectus specimens

A) was suggested for use when referring to African Homo erectus specimens

When compared to large-bodied earlier Homo specimens, Homo erectus relative brain size is A) about the same B) much smaller C) much larger D) about 25 percent smaller E) about 25 percent larger

A) about the same

A nuchal torus refers to the projection of bone on the top of the cranium, which is very common among Homo erectus. A) True B) False

B) False

Which of the following sites is in China? A) Yunxian B) Atapuerca C) Nariokotome D) Gran Dolina E) Olduvai Gorge

A) Yunxian

Hominin sites in Spain and Italy evidence fossil material that is contemporaneous with Homo erectus. They include all of the following except A) Sima del Elefante B) Ceprano C) Hexian D) Gran Dolina E) Atapuerca caves

C) Hexian

The Nariokotome Homo erectus specimen A) was discovered at Olduvai Gorge B) is estimated to have been about 65 years old at death C) is a young female D) would have reached an adult height of around 6 feet E) was destroyed in dating analysis

D) would have reached an adult height of around 6 feet

Evidence from Zhoukoudian suggests that Homo erectus A) lived there continuously for over 250,000 years B) were settled agriculturalists C) were scavengers D) built wooden structures E) kept domesticated animals

C) were scavengers

Evidence for animal butchering is A) lacking in Homo erectus sites B) found only in African Homo erectus sites C) found only in Asian Homo erectus sites D) widespread in Homo erectus sites E) found only at Dmanisi

D) widespread in Homo erectus sites

At Zhoukoudian, there is thought to be evidence that Homo erectus A) killed deer and horses B) knew how to hunt C) used fire inside the cave D) lived in the cave E) were victims of hungry giant hyenas

E) were victims of hungry giant hyenas

Thus far, what do the postcranial remains of the Dmanisi hominins indicate? A) They are indistinguishable from Homo sapiens B) They are significantly more robust than other Homo erectus C) They are much more similar to modern humans than to Homo erectus D) The first hominins to leave Africa were possibly a very early form of Homo erectus E) They are not bipeds

D) The first hominins to leave Africa were possibly a very early form of Homo erectus

Compared to Homo erectus, the cranium of the earliest premodern Homo sapiens exhibit A) a lower forehead B) a more angled occipital region C) a smaller average cranial capacity D) a more rounded braincase E) a less vertical nose

D) a more rounded braincase

During glacial peaks, much of western Europe would have been A) cut off from the rest of Eurasia B) covered with desert C) covered with rain forests D) unaffected E) glacial peaks did not occur outside of Africa

A) cut off from the rest of Eurasia

The Middle Pleistocene humans are morphologically A) diverse and broadly dispersed throughout time and space B) diverse but not broadly dispersed throughout time and space C) similar and broadly dispersed throughout time and space D) similar and not broadly dispersed throughout time and space E) similar and broadly dispersed through time, but not space

A) diverse and broadly dispersed throughout time and space

Chinese archaeologists point out that Chinese premodern H. sapiens specimens show no indications of genetic continuity with modern H. sapiens from China. A) True B) False

B) False

The La Chapelle-aux-Saints skeleton is not a typical Neandertal A) and therefore not considered to be a Neandertal B) because it represents what is most likely a deliberate burial C) because is that of an older male D) because it is a nearly complete skeleton E) because the individual not only had arthritis of the spine but evidences an extreme in the Neandertal range of variation

E) because the individual not only had arthritis of the spine but evidences an extreme in the Neandertal range of variation

The Middle Pleistocene began about _____ years ago and ended______years ago. A) 10,000, 7,000 B) 125,000, 780,000 C) 180,000, 100,000 D) 500,000, 125,000 E) 780,000, 125,000

E) 780,000, 125,000

Some assumptions about the hunting capabilities of premodern humans have been challenged by an interesting archaeological find at Schöningen. What did they find? A) a bow and arrow B) wood spears C) 4000 nodules from which spear points were struck D) Use of fire E) large flakes struck using the Levallois technique

B) wood spears

Supposed grave goods found in Neandertal burials A) have been cited as evidence for Neandertal symbolic behavior B) include bone and stone tools, along with animal bones C) are found less consistently and in less concentrations than earlier hominin sites D) suggest the presence of language E) are not significant as evidence of intentional behavior

B) include bone and stone tools, along with animal bones

Genetic evidence suggests that Neandertal DNA is remarkably similar to modern humans. A) True B) False

A) True

Shanidar cave is extraordinary in that an individual in the burial A) is the only Neandertal remains found Israel B) would have been disabled by traumatic injuries sustained during life C) is without the right lower arm and hand, demonstrating the results of poor preservation D) is an ancient member of an extinct social group in Iraq E) lived to approximately 80 years of age

B) would have been disabled by traumatic injuries sustained during life

The bow and arrow seems to have first appeared during the Magdalenian. A) True B) False

B) False

As a group, the specimens from Skhūl all have modern human features and none show any hints of premodern features. A) True B) False

B) False

Anatomically modern Homo sapiens fossils from Africa have been dated to about _____ years ago. A) 65,000-35,000 B) 35,000-10,000 C) 350,000-200,000 D) 80,000-65,000 E) 200,000-80,000

E) 200,000-80,000

There is evidence of chronological overlap in occupation of the Near East by Neandertals and modern humans. A) True B) False

A) True

What is the term for the stone tool technology most often associated with the Neandertals that extended across Europe and North Africa, into the former Soviet Union, Israel, Iran, central Asia and possibly China? A) Mousterian B) Acheulian C) Early Paleolithic D) Denisovian E) Oldowan

A) Mousterian

The skeletal remains of Homo floresiensis are notable for each of the following characteristics or assumptions except A) their short stature B) their small cranial capacity C) they were living 13,000 years ago D) their predecessors were perhaps Homo erectus populations E) they came to Flores on rafts, the remains of which were recovered from the island of Flores

E) they came to Flores on rafts, the remains of which were recovered from the island of Flores

It is hypothesized that some population of inhabitants from Indonesia was the first group to colonize Australia. A) True B) False

A) True

Early rock art from Africa may be as old as ________ years. A) 10,000 B) 28,000 C) 40,000 D) 68,000 E) 100,000

B) 28,000

During the last glaciation in Eurasia, A) human habitation was impossible B) the entire area was permanently covered with ice-sheets C) a warming trend at about 30,000 ya partially melted the glacial ice D) hunting was impossible because there were no animals in the region E) Neandertals became extinct

C) a warming trend at about 30,000 ya partially melted the glacial ice

According to Partial Replacement Models, modern humans first appeared in Africa A) and interbred with premodern populations of Eurasia, thus partially displacing them B) and remained there until modern humans from Asia displaced them C) about 500,000 years ago D) but were later displaced by European Neandertals E) and India, simultaneously

A) and interbred with premodern populations of Eurasia, thus partially displacing them

Which model for the early settlement of North America is least dependent on the cycle of glacial and inter-glacial periods? A) North Atlantic Ice-Edge Corridor B) Pacific Coastal Route C) Bering Land Bridge D) Alaska Connector E) Siberian Transit Corridor

B) Pacific Coastal Route

Evidence from the Upper Paleolithic in Asia shows that there is no evidence for occupation prior to the initial occupation of the New World. A) True B) False

B) False

Among highly organized communities that practiced food storage and ritualized distribution, their residential pattern is known as: A) sedentism B) domestication C) foraging D) transhumance E) gathering

A) sedentism

Evidence used to support the contention that humans were primarily responsible for the North American Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions include all of the following except A) the timing of the arrival of humans in the New World within a few centuries of the extinction of large mammals B) association between large herbivores and Paleo-Indian points C) large herbivores have been excavated from sites with the weapons used to kill them D) a similar pattern of extinction in Asia E) overhunting by rapidly expanding human populations

D) a similar pattern of extinction in Asia

Sites like Ohalo II demonstrate that some food-collecting communities experienced economic changes as long ago as the Last Glacial Maximum, which led to A) The use of a small range of wild plants and no animals as food B) The use of a wide range of wild plants and no animals as food C) The use of a wide range of wild plants and animals as food D) The use of a small range of wild plants and animals as food E) The demise of human populations in the regions affected

C) The use of a wide range of wild plants and animals as food

The site of Star Carr, near the North Sea coast, served as a seasonal A) gathering place for shell fish B) hunting camp C) building site for mounds and earthworks D) whale hunting site E) shell midden

B) hunting camp

Hunter-gatherers in Western North America, particularly the Great Basin, tended to focus on what environmental feature in addition to upland resources? A) marshes B) deciduous forests C) coastal resources D) bison herds E) desert rodents

A) marshes

The Holocene epoch beings around 11,000 years ago A) True B) False

A) True

The earliest tool type associated with the Palaeoindian period is: A) the Clovis point B) the Acheulean hand axe C) the bow and arrow D) the Mousterian point E) milling stones

A) the Clovis point

The Folsom and Plano cultures are primarily associated with hunting what type of animal? A) deer B) bison C) mammoths D) camelids E) sloths

B) bison

What features characterize the transition to the Neolithic pattern in northern Europe? A) It was preceded by substantial ideological shifts, particularly the development of monuments. B) It represents a gradual transition from intensive Mesolithic hunting and gathering. C) It occurred rapidly and likely preceded ideological changes. D) It developed slowly after a long period of trade and exchange with farming communities in North Africa. E) It is primarily the result of the migration of farmers from the Near East.

C) It occurred rapidly and likely preceded ideological changes.

Which characteristic of wild grasses is not likely to have been consciously selected for by foragers in the process of domestication? A) larger seeds B) less tough glumes C) more grains per seed head D) structure which shatters less readily E) more brittle rachis

E) more brittle rachis

Domestication may be evident in what aspect of archaeological animal bones? A) an abundance of young males B) the predominance of prime-age females C) equal distribution of males and females D) equal distribution of all age and sex classes E) primarily older males and juvenile females

A) an abundance of young males

The inhabitants of the Indus Valley urban centers A) had previously occupied the higher valley margins to the west B) had previously practiced hunting and gathering in the Indus valley C) migrated there from the upper Indus valley D) adopted farming and herding when they settled on the valley floor E) represent a long term sequence of occupation of the valley floor

A) had previously occupied the higher valley margins to the west

Which statement best describes the primary difference in patterns of domestication in the New and Old Worlds? A) Plant domestication was relatively unimportant in the New World. B) Animal domesticates were more numerous in the Old World. C) Most Old World plant domesticates were more productive. D) Maize constituted one of the staple crops in the Old World. E) Animals were not domesticated in the New World.

B) Animal domesticates were more numerous in the Old World.

The Old World constitutes the main center for the development of domestication. A) True B) False

B) False

Ian Hodder's approach to the origins of agriculture in Europe proposes that it entailed A) the development of agriculture in the nuclear zone as people become increasingly adept at domestication B) settlement of marginal areas due expanding human populations, leading to domestication as people planted seed crops outside of their native range C) an increasing emphasis on the human control and domination of nature, in response to a combination of both natural and social mechanisms D) a fundamental shift in the worldview of people prior to the Neolithic revolution E) the need for people to produce a surplus to meet the demands of local kin leaders

C) an increasing emphasis on the human control and domination of nature, in response to a combination of both natural and social mechanisms

What characteristic does NOT represent a common trait of animals suited for domestication? A) hierarchical herd structure B) territorial C) not prone to flight D) will transfer allegiance to humans E) even-tempered

B) territorial

The expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples through much of sub-Saharan Africa has been tied to what process? A) the introduction of bananas, taro, and Asian yams B) the development of efficient slash and burn agricultural techniques C) the introduction of Near Eastern cereal crops D) the development of pastoralism E) conquest by military force

A) the introduction of bananas, taro, and Asian yams

A cultigen is defined as A) a domesticated plant under human control B) an animal species which is dependent on humans C) a wild plant which is predisposed to domestication D) the symbiotic relationship between humans and plants E) a society which raises domesticated plants

A) a domesticated plant under human control

Primatology is the study of _________. A) human evolution B) human skeletal material C) skeletal remains at crime scenes D) disease in earlier human groups E) living nonhuman primates

E) living nonhuman primates

Culture, as defined in Chapter 1 A) is important only as it pertains to modern humans B) is genetically determined C) includes only those aspects of human lifestyle that relate to the arts D) is the strategy by which humans adapt to the natural environment E) was not an important factor in human evolution

D) is the strategy by which humans adapt to the natural environment

The four major principles of cultural relativisim, laid out by Franz Boas in the 1920’s, include all of the following except: A) Cultural aspects of human behaviour are not biologically based or conditioned but are acquired solely through learning. B) Cultural behaviour can be understood as a biological conditioned response to environmental stimuli. C) Cultural conditioning of behaviour is ultimately accomplished through habituation rather than rational deliberation. D) All cultures are equally developed according to their own priorities and values; none is better, more advanced, or less primitive than any other. E) Cultural traits cannot be classified or interpreted according to universal categories appropriate to "human nature”. They assume meaning only within the context a particular culture.

B) Cultural behaviour can be understood as a biological conditioned response to environmental stimuli.

The modern human predisposition to assimilate culture and function within it has been profoundly influenced by biological factors. A) True B) False

True

Which of the following is characteristic of the anthropological approach? A) an emphasis on biological explanations of cultural variation B) ethnocentrism C) an emphasis on holism D) an emphasis on the individual E) all of the above

C) an emphasis on holism

________ is the subdiscipline of osteology that is concerned with disease and trauma in earlier populations. A) Forensic anthropology B) Primatology C) Anthropometry D) Paleoanthropology E) Paleopathology

e) paleoathology

The practice of understanding and evaluating a custom in the context of the meaning system and morality of the culture in which it is present is called: A) ethnography B) cultural ecology C) the etic approach D) ethnocentrism E) cultural relativism

e) cultural relativism

Which of the following includes genetic-alterations within populations? A) Macroevolution B) Anatomy C) Osteology D) Paleopathology E) Microevolution

e) microevolution

Which statement about the relationship between environment and human behaviour best summarizes the anthropological approach? A) Human behaviour can be understood as a biological conditioned response to environmental stimuli B) Human behaviour can be understood without any reference to environmental conditions at all C) Human behaviour can be understood as an environmentally conditioned response to cultural stimuli D) Human behaviour can be understood as a direct response to environmental conditions and stimuli E) Human behaviour can be understood as a culturally conditioned response to environmental stimuli

E) Human behaviour can be understood as a culturally conditioned response to environmental stimuli

Ethnographies A) are studies of only Western European societies B) are studies of nonhuman primates C) emphasize, among other topics, religion, ritual, myth, diet, and gender roles D) are studies done by archaeologists E) are the practical application of anthropological theories

C) emphasize, among other topics, religion, ritual, myth, diet, and gender roles

Lamarck believed that traits acquired during the lifetime of an individual could be passed on to that individual's offspring. Which of the following was his term for this? A) natural selection B) catastrophism C) inheritance of acquired characteristics D) uniformitarianism E) genetics

C) inheritance of acquired characteristics

Which of the following types of traits are governed by more than one genetic locus? A) polygenic B) dominant C) Mendelian D) recessive E) pleiotropic

a) polygenic

Which DNA base does adenine always pair with? A) guanine B) thymine C) cytosine D) uracil E) protein

b) thymine

Which of the following is not inherited in a Mendelian fashion? A) Huntington Disease B) Albinism C) Ceft chin D) Tay-Sachs disease E) Skin color

E) skin colour

Polygenic traits account for few, if any, of the readily observable phenotypic variation seen in humans. A) True B) False

false

Carolus Linnaeus A) established a binomial system of classification for plants and animals B) was a proponent of evolutionary change C) opposed all notions of fixity of species D) was a supporter of Charles Darwin E) developed theories of natural selection

A) established a binomial system of classification for plants and animals

"Fitness," in an evolutionary sense, refers to an individual's A) strength B) aggressiveness C) size D) age at death E) reproductive success

e) reproductive success

All human genetic disorders are inherited as recessive traits. A) True B) False

false

Evolution acts most directly upon a(n): A) race B) individual C) cell D) population E) species

d) population

In order for a mutation to be passed on to offspring, the mutation must A) occur in a gamete B) be beneficial C) occur in a somatic cell D) result in additional chromosomes E) have negative evolutionary consequences

a) occur in a gamete

A polytypic species A) is one that has no phenotypic variability B) has never been observed in nature C) is one composed of local populations that differ from one another with regard to the expression of no more than three traits D) is one composed of local populations that differ from one another with regard to the expression of one or more traits E) is composed of widely dispersed populations

D) is one composed of local populations that differ from one another with regard to the expression of one or more traits

Thanks to modern medicine, many infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and cholera are no longer a threat to human populations. A) False B) True

false

Thanks to modern medicine, many infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and cholera are no longer a threat to human populations. A)True B) False

false

Sweating... A) is a uniquely human response to heat B) has no beneficial physiological effects C) is not an effective means of dissipating heat D) permits cooling through evaporation E) is an ability that varies from one human population to another

D) permits cooling through evaporation

What are disease-causing organisms such as bacteria and viruses called? A) pathogens B) vectors C) pandemics D) endemics E) antigens

a) pathogens

Dark skin is found in populations near the equator. Why? A) It protects from frostbite B) It has a greater number of melanocytes, as a result of exposure to intense heat, than light skin C) It helps prevent rickets D) It protects from the damaging effects of UV radiation on folate E) It increases the skin's exposure to ultraviolet radiation

D) It protects from the damaging effects of UV radiation on folate

Forensic anthropologists must deal with the race concept because they are asked by law enforcement agencies to identify an individual's race from skeletal remains. A) True B) False

True

The majority of modern anthropologists regard biological determinism as a valid mode of explaining human racial differences. A) True B) False

false

The frequency of the allele for O-type blood is almost 100 percent in indigenous A) Northern Europeans B) Chinese C) Eurasians D) Africans E) South Americans

e) south americans

B) there is more genetic diversity within populations than between them

What are structural similarities between species that are based on common function and not on common evolutionary descent called? A) acquired B) generalized C) non-adaptive D) analogies E) homologies

D) analogies

The Darwinian theory of evolution by natural selection maintains that: A) the form of a biological trait is determined by its function B) the evolutionary process has stopped because the optimal adaptations of existing species has occurred C) characteristics that enhance the survival of a species will necessarily occur during periods of environmental change D) evolution is reversible E) natural selection acts on existing variation within a species to produce more efficient environmental adaptations

E) natural selection acts on existing variation within a species to produce more efficient environmental adaptations

The field that specializes in establishing the rules of classification is called _______ A) Phylogeny B) Taxonomy C) Taphonomy D) Systematics E) Homology

b) taxonomy

Question 4 During the Paleozoic era, reptiles were the dominant land vertebrates. A) True B) False

false

C) It refers to physical differences between males and females of the same species

Structural similarities shared by species that are acquired through descent from a common ancestor are: A) analogies B) homologies C) acquired D) uncommon E) uninformative of evolutionary relationships

b) homologies

C) using metabolic activity to maintain a constant body temperature

Morphological variation between individuals within a species A) can result from sexual dimorphism B) is called interspecific variation C) is of no concern to anthropologists D) is unimportant when interpreting the fossil record E) produces large numbers of identical individuals

A) can result from sexual dimorphism

The phyum chordate includes all animals with a nerve cord, gill slits, and supporting cord along the back. A) True B) False

True

What is the term for the rapid expansion and diversification of groups of organisms into newly available ecological niches? A) generalization B) homology C) parallel evolution D) adaptive radiation E) specialization

d) adaptive radiation

Which of the following are Strepsirhini? A) New World monkeys B) lorises C) Old World monkeys D) humans E) chimpanzees

B) lorises

Linguistic symbols are said to be ________ because they do not resemble the object or concept they represent. A) autonomic B) deliberate C) arbitrary D) closed E) innate

c) arbitrary

Bonobo communities, like those of chimpanzees, are centered around male-male bonds. A) True B) False

false

Which of the following is not a basic primate characteristic? A) giving birth to single offspring B) hands with opposable thumbs C) fingernails D) binocular vision E) an enhanced sense of smell

e) an enhanced sense of smell

Monkeys raised without mothers in captivity A) were able to form lasting affectional ties B) displayed completely normal parenting behaviors as adults C) displayed normal sexual behavior D) did not know how to care for infants E) were socially normal as adults, provided they received adequate nourishment

D) did not know how to care for infants

Sexual selection does not seem to be an important factor in the evolution of sexual dimorphism True False

False

___________ is the study of the evolution of behavior, emphasizing the role of ecological factors as agents of natural selection. A) Sociobiology B) Biological-ecology C) Behavioral ecology D) Evolutionary ecology E) Eco-sociobiology

c) behavioural ecology

Chimpanzees live in groups composed of A) one adult male, several females, and their young B) large communities of bonded males and females, and their young C) one adult male plus one adult female and their young D) several adult females, one adult male, and any dependent young E) other primate species

B) large communities of bonded males and females, and their young

orang-utan adults have a very active locomotion pattern, and they frequently brachiate. True False

False

The study of contemporary human societies as a means of understanding the past is known as: A) experimental archaeology B) processual archaeology C) ethnoarchaeology D) ethology E) paleoanthropology

c) ethnoarchaelogy

Which of the following refers to the process of attaching a handle to a tool? ``` A) haft B) hilt C) fix D) flake E) artifact ```

a) haft

Radiometric dating techniques are based on what principle? A) sunspot activity B) regular, known rate of isotopic decay C) regular changes in earth's magnetic field D) superposition E) competitive exclusion

b) regular, known rate of isotopic decay

The process of assigning an absolute age of materials is known as: ``` A) context dating B) stratigraphic succession C) relative dating D) chronometric dating E) calendric succession ```

d) chronometric dating

E) data is needed about specific important questions or sites are threatened with destruction

Potassium-40 (40K) A) decays to the gas, argon-40 (40Ar) B) decays to carbon-14 C) has a full-life of 1.25 billion years D) is the same as carbon-14 E) is destructive and therefore not used by paleoanthropologists

a) decays to the gas, argon-40 (40Ar)

Carbon-14 dating is relative dating method used to date rocks and minerals. True False

False

Seriation fates objects using the principle of superstition. True False

False

e) cognitive, political, social, economic and technological components

``` Which of the following is the most common means of site survey? A) aerial photos B) satellite imagery C) ground penetrating radar D) pedestrian fieldwork E) remote sensing ```

D) pedestrian fieldwork

Where was Sahelanthropus discovered? ``` A) South Africa B) East Africa C) the Rift Valley D) Central Africa E) Asia ```

d) central africa

Fossil evidence for early hominin foot structure A) has come from South and East African sites B) has come from North African sites C) is totally lacking D) indicates they were quadrupedal E) is highly disputed and therefore insignificant in discussions of human evolution

A) has come from South and East African sites

Rate of development can be reconstructed quite accurately by examining dental growth markers. True False

True

The fossil skeleton known as "Lucy" belongs to which Australopithecine species? ``` A) africanus B) aethiopicus C) habilis D) afarensis E) boisei ```

d) afarensis

The task of interpreting early hominin evolution A) is still not complete B) does not require a chronological framework C) does not require assigning taxonomic names to fossil materials D) is almost impossible E) is best left to geologists

a) is still not complete

The home-based forager model of hominin behavior proposed that Olduvai Gorge reflected what behavior? A) use as a central hunting location B) use as a prominent location for the manufacture of Oldowan tools C) the natural accumulation of animal bones D) use as a multi-purpose campsite E) use of weapons

d) use as a multi-purpose campsite

The earliest hominin traces A) date to the beginning of the Miocene B) are primarily full skeletons C) date to the Eocene D) are merely shattered bones impossible to identify E) are primarily dental and cranial pieces

e) are primarily dental and cranial pieces

The A. afarensis hand, wrist, and foot bones are indistinguishable from those of modern humans.  True False

False

Recently discovered remains from the Tugen Hills, dated to about 6 million years ago have been placed in which genus? ``` A) Sahelanthropu B) Australopithecus C) Paranthropus D) Ardipithecus E) Orrorin ```

e) orrorin

The overall study of fossil hominins is known as ``` A) physical anthropology B) ethnography C) paleoanthropology D) archaeology E) ethology ```

c) paleoanthropology

Neandertal skeletal remains indicate that they extended their range to the east, far into Central Asia, but as yet no remains have been found in ``` A) Israel B) Southern Siberia C) Iraq D) Uzbekistan E) China ```

E) China

The Mousterian stone tool tradition A) was developed by Homo erectus B) is associated with Neandertals only C) is found in Asia only D) is found in Western Europe only E) is not always associated with just Neandertals

E) is not always associated with just neanderthals

Remains evidencing Middle Pleistocene culture indicate that premodern Homo sapiens A) did not build temporary structures B) did not exploit different food sources C) had not learned to exploit marine resources D) presumably hunted large animals, perhaps horses E) lived in caves but not open air sites

D) presumably hunted large animals, perhaps horses

Evidence of Premodern Homo sapiens crania that show possible evidence of cannibalism in the form of cut marks is represented at ``` A) Broken Hill B) Tabun C) Bodo D) La Chapelle E) Swanscombe ```

C) Bodo

The evidence of deliberate burial of the dead by Neandertal is found at all the following except ``` A) Sima de los Huesos B) Tabun C) Kabwe D) La Chapelle E) Kebara ```

C) Kabwe

A) diverse and broadly dispersed throughout time and space.

Mousterian culture evidences all of the following except A) more complex burials, with the body's position deliberately modified B) use of pigment, perhaps as body decoration, and jewelry C) natural pigments deliberately applied to shells and animal bones D) clear distinctions between Neandertals and early modern humans E) an expanded range of foods to include marine resources

D) clear distinctions between neanderthals and early modern humans.

Genetic Evidence suggest that Neanderthal DNA is remarkably similar to that of modern humans. True False

True.

Dating to about 850,000 years ago, human fossils from Gran Dolina are considered Homo ``` A) erectus B) habilis C) neanderthalensis D) antecessor E) heidelbergensis ```

E) heidelbergensis

B) wood spears

Lascaux and Altamira A) are well known Neandertal sites B) are 20,000 year-old campsites C) contain evidence of butchered mammoths D) are famous for their numerous cave bear skulls E) are famous for their elaborate cave paintings

E) are famous for their numerous cave bear skulls

Early rock art from Africa may be as old as ________ years. A) 10,000 B) 28,000 C) 40,000 D) 68,000 E) 100,000

B) 28,000

The Skhūl site is dated to approximately ________ years ago. A) 40,000 B) 75,000-43,000 C) 130,000-100,000 D) 200,000-100,000 E) 250,000-200,000

C) 130,000-100,000

A) Mousterian

Which of the following cultural innovations first appeared in the Upper Palaeolithic? A) fire B) urban centres C) burial and ritual D) art E) use of metal tools

D) art

E) they came to Flores on rafts, the remains of which were recovered from the island of Flores

Which of the following tool forms is characteristic of the Upper Palaeolithic? A) Mousterian B) Acheulian C) core tools D) hand axe E) blades

E) Blades

Anatomically modern Homo sapiens fossils from Africa have been dated to about _____ years ago. A) 65,000-35,000 B) 35,000-10,000 C) 350,000-200,000 D) 80,000-65,000 E) 200,000-80,000

E) 200,000-80,000

The Upper Paleolithic culture period began in Western Europe about ________ years ago. A) 40,000 B) 10,000 C) 5,000 D) 70,000 E) 100,000

A) 40,000

According to the compete replacement model, the transition from premodern to modern Homo sapiens A) occurred in several regions of the Old World simultaneously B) occurred first in Europe C) only occurred once, in Africa D) began about 10,000 years ago in Indonesia E) began about 100,000 years ago in Asia

C) only occurred once, in Africa

C) The use of a wide range of wild plants and animals as food

The Holocene epoch begins around 11,000ya True False

True

Evidence from the Upper Paleolithic in Northeast Asia shows that there is no evidence for occupation prior to the initial occupation of the New World. True False

False

The earliest skeletons from the New World show greater biological diversity than do modern Native Americans. True False

True

A) sedentism

The increase in human dental caries hypoplasias, periodontal disease and overall reduction in tooth size in Natufian skeletons can be attributed to A) availability of fewer plant resources B) diet based upon domesticated wild cattle C) an abundance of animal meat in the diet D) bows and arrows which allowed more successful hunting E) predominace of starchy cereal grains in the diet

E) predominace of starchy cereal grains in the diet

The earliest tool type associated with the Palaeoindian period is: A) the Clovis point B) the Acheulean hand axe C) the bow and arrow D) the Mousterian point E) milling stones

A) The clovis point

The earliest Americans are known to have arrived in the Americas no later than: A) 45,000 ya. B) 30,000 ya. C) 20,000 ya. D) 13,000 ya. E) 8,000 ya.

D) 13,000 ya.

The climate changed between 12,000 and 11,000 ya by A) increasing in temperature and decreasing in precipitation B) decreasing in temperature and decreasing in precipitation C) increasing in temperature and increasing in precipitation D) decreasing in temperature and increasing in precipitation E) a stabilization of earlier Pleistocene temperature and precipitation

C) increasing in temperature and increasing in precipitation

The subsistence patterns of the earliest Americans was based on A) big game hunting B) broad spectrum foraging C) domesticated plants D) domesticated animals E) irrigated agriculture

A) big game hunting

The subsistence patterns of the earliest Americans was based on A) big game hunting B) broad spectrum foraging C) domesticated plants D) domesticated animals E) irrigated agricultur

B) dog

Pollen is an example of what type of archaeobotanical remains? A) macrofossil B) feature C) microfossil D) cultigen E) carbonization

C) microfossil

C) an increasing emphasis on the human control and domination of nature, in response to a combination of both natural and social mechanisms

The switch from hunting and gathering to agriculture in Egypt has been explained as the result of A) diffusion from the Near East B) increasing sedentism C) population nucleation along the Nile D) the lack of sufficient animal resources E) profuse pastures across the region

C) population nucleation along the Nile

States, as defined by Morton Fried, are characterized by which of the following? A) an egalitarian organization B) a lack of social differentiation C) a concept of citizenship D) a lack of administrative bureaucracies E) a dependence on informal leadership

C) a concept of citizenship

The evidence of writing during the Shang dynasty in China was typically associated with A) recording economic transactions B) the process of divination or prophecy C) religious texts D) records of the succession of royal families E) property records

B) the process of divination or prophecy

Which of the following does not represent a biochemical signature of diet? A) the ratio of nitrogen isotopes varying with the overall importance of seafood B) different photosynthetic processes resulting in varying ratios of carbon C) strontium and calcium ratios indicating relative importance of meat and plant foods D) different chemical compositions resulting from photosynthesis in bones of human skeletons E) low concentrations of lead found in bones of those who drink wine that has been stored in lead containers

E) low concentrations of lead found in bones of those who drink wine that has been stored in lead containers

Which feature of Ubaid society likely influenced the development of community organization and cooperation? A) the construction of massive irrigation systems B) the development of extensive trade contacts C) the development of an institutional bureaucracy D) the rise of a full-time military E) the development of a writing system

A) the construction of massive irrigation systems

A) the introduction of bananas, taro, and Asian yams

The earliest true city yet discovered is found in Mesopotamia. True False

True

the presence of a high incidence of sickle cell anemia in west africa because of malaria resistance among individuals who are heterozygous for the trait is an example of

natural selection

Who proposed that population size increases at a faster rate than do food supplies

Thomas Malthus

The gene is associated on a one to one basis with the production of _______

protein chain

Genetic drift is:

a random change in gene frequencies from one generation to the next

True or false? In the event of dramatic changes in the world's environment greater genetic diversity might be an evolutionary advantage.

True

True or false? The eugenics movement is now a discredited view of racial purity.

True

Lewontin's study on continental races found ___ percent of human variation could be accounted for on the basis of a racial model.

What is a reason why the race concept does not hold?

The populations it describes are not reproductively isolated

When assessing evolutionary relationships, one approach is to focus on derived (modified) characteristics. What is this approach called?

cladistics

T/F Vertebrate fossils are found as far back as the Paleozoic.

True

T/F The Cenozoic era is considered the age of mammals.

True

Speciation can occur as a result of lack of differences in habitats. True False

False

Which suborder includes humans, apes, and Old and New World monkeys?

Anthropoidea

Species producing relatively large numbers of offspring and invest little parental care are:

r-selected

Primate behavior is best viewed as being influenced by environmental factors. True or False

True

Currently, there are approximately _______ species of non-human primates.

230

The first Homo habilis fossils were found during the 1960's in _____.

Olduvai Gorge

Miocene hominoids evidenced the "golden age of hominoids". | T/F

True

T/F Because organic materials such as sticks and bones are usually well preserved in the archaeological record, we have good evidence of the earliest stages of hominin cultural modifications.

False

The tool technology of premodern Homo sapiens in the Middle Pleistocene carried over from the Acheulian tools of Homo erectus. True False

True

T/F The main effect of fluctuating climates in Africa during the Pleistocene was to change rainfall patterns.

True

T/F The Upper Paleolithic was a period during which there were rapid shifts in climatic conditions.

True

According to the Regional Continuity Model, ________ prevented local populations of premodern Homo sapiens from becoming separate species.

gene flow

The presence of morphological variability in skeletons from Asia and the Americas indicates that there were likely multiple migrations to the New World. T/F

True

In what area of North America did highly organized sedentary communities develop based primarily on coastal resources and without domesticated crops?

North West Coast

The term used to describe the post-Pleistocene cultures in the Middle East is:

epipaleolithic

T/F Childe's Oasis model implies that humans were predestined to develop agriculture.

True

The appearance of domestication in several different parts of the world was due to:

independent invention

The Neolithic Revolution is associated with:

the development of agriculture

The earliest cities of Mesoamerica served primarily as

ceremonial centers

The earliest artifact sites are from the gona and bouri areas, dating

2.6mya

In general, the cranium of homo erectus has a pentagonal shape when viewed from behind T/F

True

T/F several definite homo erectus fossils have been discovered in france

False

T/F Homo erectus was the first species with a cranial capacity approaching homo sapiens

True

Homo erectus differs most distinctly from both early homo sapiens in...

cranial size

Homo erectus fossils from the Lantian sites in china are dated to ____ years old

1.15 million