quizzes Flashcards
Which of the following is a feature that distinguishes active transport from facilitated diffusion?
a. carrier molecules have specificity
b. presence of a transport maximum
c. requirement for a carrier molecule
d. requirement for metabolic energy
e. saturation of transport rate
d. requirement for metabolic energy
Ion channels in cell membranes:
a. are nonspecific.
b. only allow ions to move from the intracellular fluid out of the cell.
c. only allow ions to move from the extracellular fluid into the cell.
d. are not affected by differences in electrical potential across the membrane.
e. may open in response to binding a ligand.
e. may open in response to binding a ligand.
Pinocytosis is a method by which molecules can leave cells whose membranes are impermeable to the molecules.
a. True
b. False
b. false
What will happen if a normal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?
a. It will swell in size.
b. It will shrink in size.
c. The result can’t be predicted.
d. It will stay the same size.
a. It will swell in size.
Which of the following would decrease the net flux of a penetrating solute into a cell?
a. increasing the permeability constant for that solute
b. increasing the area of the cell membrane
c. increasing the concentration of the solute in the extracellular fluid
d. decreasing the thickness of the membrane
e. decreasing the temperature
e. decreasing the temperature
Which is TRUE regarding diffusion?
a. It is the principle mechanism by which molecules are moved over large distances in the body.
b. It results in net movement of molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration.
c. It requires energy in the form of ATP.
d. It requires integral membrane proteins to occur.
e. It depends upon the random motion of molecules.
e. It depends upon the random motion of molecules.
The concentration of calcium in the cytosol of most resting cells is very much lower than the concentration of extracellular calcium.
a. True
b. False
a. true
Which is true about mediated transport across cell membranes?
a. It is nonspecific; any transporter can transport any molecule across the cell membrane.
b. As the concentration gradient across a membrane increases, the transport rate always increases.
c. It refers to the movement of ions through protein channels.
d. It refers both to simple diffusion and to the active transport of molecules.
e. It is characterized by saturable carriers and a maximum velocity of transport.
e. It is characterized by saturable carriers and a maximum velocity of transport.
Molecules increase their rate of diffusion as temperature increases.
a. True
b. False
a. true
The final equilibrium state reached by a molecule that enters a cell by facilitated diffusion is the same as that for a molecule that enters the cell by diffusion.
a. True
b. False
a. true
Which is true about mediated transport of substances across cell membranes?
a. There is no limit to how fast it can occur as the concentration gradient becomes larger.
b. It is always directly coupled to the splitting of ATP molecules.
c. It is the main mechanism for transporting hydrophobic molecules across membranes.
d. It always involves the movement of substances against a concentration gradient.
e. It involves a specific membrane protein that functions as a carrier molecule.
e. It involves a specific membrane protein that functions as a carrier molecule.
The Na/K ATPase pump is an enzyme that phosphorylates itself.
a. True
b. False
a. True
What will happen if a normal cell is placed in a hyperosmotic solution?
a. It will shrink in size.
b. It will stay the same size.
c. It will swell in size.
d. It may swell, shrink, or stay the same size, depending upon the concentration of penetrating and nonpenetrating solutes in the solution
d. It may swell, shrink, or stay the same size, depending upon the concentration of penetrating and nonpenetrating solutes in the solution.
The component of the plasma membrane that acts as a selective barrier to diffusion of polar molecules is the integral proteins.
a. True
b. False
b. false
Which is most directly responsible for the falling (repolarizing) phase of the action potential?
a. Voltage-gated Na+ channels are opened.
b. The Na+, K+ pump restores the ions to their original locations inside and outside of the cell.
c. The permeability to Na+ increases greatly.
d. ATPase destroys the energy supply that was maintaining the action potential at its peak.
e. The permeability to K+ increases greatly while that to Na+ decreases.
e. The permeability to K+ increases greatly while that to Na+ decreases.
Which of these would occur if the concentration of ATP were depleted in a typical nerve cell?
a. Resting membrane potential would become more negative.
b. Resting membrane potential would become less negative.
c. The concentration gradient for Na+ would remain the same.
d. The resting membrane potential would eventually become positive inside with respect to outside.
e. There would be no change in the resting membrane potential.
b. Resting membrane potential would become less negative.
Compartments A and B are separated by a membrane that is permeable to K+ but not to Na+ or Cl-. At time zero, a solution of KCl is poured into compartment A and an equally concentrated solution of NaCl is poured into compartment B. Which would be true once equilibrium is reached?
a. The concentration of Na+ in A will be higher than it was at time zero.
b. Diffusion of K+ from A to B will be greater than the diffusion of K+ from B to A.
c. There will be a potential difference across the membrane, with side B negative relative to side A.
d. The electrical and diffusion potentials for K+ will be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
e. The concentration of Cl- will be higher in B than it was at time zero.
d. The electrical and diffusion potentials for K+ will be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter released by:
a. preganglionic sympathetic neurons and cells of the adrenal medulla.
b. cells of the adrenal medulla and postganglionic parasympathetic neurons.
c. motor neurons and postganglionic sympathetic neurons.
d. preganglionic sympathetic neurons and postganglionic sympathetic neurons.
e. preganglionic sympathetic neurons and motor neurons.
e. preganglionic sympathetic neurons and motor neurons.
An action potential in a neuronal membrane differs from a graded potential in that:
a. an action potential requires the opening of Ca2+ channels, whereas a graded potential does not.
b. an action potential is propagated without decrement, whereas a graded potential decrements with distance.
c. an action potential has a threshold, whereas a graded potential is an all-or-none phenomenon.
d. movement of Na+ and K+ across cell membranes mediate action potentials, while graded potentials do not involve movement of Na+ and K+.
e. action potentials vary in size with the size of a stimulus, while graded potentials do not.
b. an action potential is propagated without decrement, whereas a graded potential decrements with distance.
Which of the following statements regarding neurotransmitters is TRUE?
a. Acetylcholine is broken down by enzymes present on postsynaptic cell membranes.
b. Acetylcholine that is released at synapses binds to adrenergic receptors in the postsynaptic cell membrane.
c. Catecholamines are the most abundant neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.
d. Opiate drugs, such as morphine, are antagonists of a class of neurotransmitters called endorphins.
e. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system.
a. Acetylcholine is broken down by enzymes present on postsynaptic cell membranes.
A threshold stimulus applied to an excitable membrane is one that is just sufficient to:
a. trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.
b. cause a change in membrane potential.
c. trigger an action potential.
d. be conducted to the axon hillock.
e. depolarize a dendrite.
c. trigger an action potential.
A presynaptic synapse:
a. is a synapse between an axon terminal and a dendrite that can be either excitatory or inhibitory.
b. is a synapse between an axon terminal and another axon’s terminal that can be either excitatory or inhibitory.
c. is any synapse onto a cell body, and they can be either stimulatory or inhibitory.
d. is a synapse between an axon terminal and a dendrite of the same cell, which is always inhibitory.
e. is a synapse between an axon terminal and another axon terminal that is always inhibitory
b. is a synapse between an axon terminal and another axon’s terminal that can be either excitatory or inhibitory.
Drug X interferes with the action of norepinephrine at synapses. Which of the following mechanisms would not explain the effects of X?
a. X inhibits synthesis of norepinephrine at the axon terminal.
b. X inhibits norepinephrine release from the terminal.
c. X blocks reuptake of norepinephrine by the terminal.
d. X is an adrenergic receptor antagonist.
e. X stimulates the catabolism of norepinephrine.
c. X blocks reuptake of norepinephrine by the terminal.
Which is TRUE about the initial segment of an axon?
a. Its threshold potential is more positive than that of the cell body and dendrites.
b. Its threshold potential is more negative than that of the cell body and dendrites.
c. Synapses far from the initial segment are more effective in influencing whether an action potential will be generated in the axon than are synapses close to the initial segment.
d. It is the region where neurotransmitter vesicles are docked and ready to be released by exocytosis.
e. It can only conduct graded potentials because it lacks voltage-gated Na+ channels.
b. Its threshold potential is more negative than that of the cell body and dendrites.