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BIOL 646 Exam A > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The detection of light in the human eye is based upon the light-induced change of

a. rohopsin to actin
b. opsin to titin
c. cis retinal to cis retinol
d. cis retinal to trans retinal

A

d. cis retinal to trans retinal

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2
Q

Saltatory conduction of AP requires

a. thin axon
b. chemical synapse
c. ependymal cells
d. oligodendrocytes
e. none of the above

A

d. oligodendrocytes

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3
Q

what is the correct sequence of events during an action potential?

a. 4-2-5-3-1
b. 3-4-1-5-2
c. 1-2-3-4-5
d. 2-5-3-1-4

A

a. 4-2-5-3-1

(4) membrane depolarization
(2) activation of voltage dependent Na-channels
(3) deactivation of Na-channels and activation of voltage-dependent K-channels
(4) deactiviation of K-channels and repolarization
(5) membrane hyperpolarization

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4
Q

All of the following are true statements about the action potential except:

a. Oping Na-channels will move membrane potential to Eq. potential of Na
b. Opening K channels will move the membrane potential to Eq potential of K
c. The Na- K exchange pump will move the membrane to the resting potential
d. The falling phase of the AP is due to the Hodgkin cycle
e. APs cannot be summed

A

d. The falling phase of the AP is due to the Hodgkin cycle

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5
Q

The period of excitability during which a greater than normal strength of stimulus is required to elicit an nerve cell response is the

a. interphase period
b. relative refractory period
c. absolute refractory period
d. hyperexcitable period
e. latent period

A

b. relative refractory period

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6
Q

Cone cells in the human eye have different optimal sensitivity spectra: blue, green, and red. These differences are the result of

a. stereochemistry of retinal
b. the color of the iris
c. the color of the lens
d. differences in opsin

A

d. differences in opsin

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7
Q

The function of ganglion receptive fields is to:

a. distinguish bright objects against a dark background by the ON ganglion cells.
b. distinguish dimmer object against their background by the OFF ganglion cells
c. measure dark stimulation
d. answers a and b
e. answers a and c

A

d. answers a and b

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8
Q

A complete lesion (destruction) of the left geniculate nucleus produces which one of the following visual field defects?

a. loss of the right visual field
b. loss of the left visual field
c. loss of both left and right visual field
d. loss of the color vision

A

a. loss of the right visual field

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9
Q

The optic nerve is composed of axons from which of the following retinal cell types?

a. bipolar
b. ganglion
c. amacrine
d. horizontal
e. photoreceptor

A

b. ganglion

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10
Q

Humans can percieve complex sounds containing different frequencies because the basilar membrane

a. becomes permeable for Na ions with low frequencies and permeable for K ions with high frequencies.
b. depolarizes and hyperpolarizes at multiple locations along the optic axis
c. simultaneously vibrates at multiple locations along its length
d. has more hair cells on the stapes and fewer hair cells on the incus
e. makes the tympanic membrane vibrate at multiple frequencies.

A

c. simultaneously vibrates at multiple locations along its length.

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11
Q

The voltage-gated K channel is also called a delayed rectifier because

a. it opens after the opening of the voltage-gated Na channel and resets the membrane potential to the RMP
b. it opens before the opening of the voltage-gated Na channel and moves the membrane potential to the Eq. potential for Na.
c. it opens after the opening of the voltage gated Na channel and move the membrane potential to the eq. potential for Na
d. None of the above

A

a. it opens AFTER the opening of the voltage-gated Na channel and resets the membrane to the RMP

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12
Q

What comes first in the release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles?

a. docking
b. kiss and run
c. priming
d. accommodation

A

a. docking

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13
Q

The transmission of electrical signals from one neuron to another neuron

a. is slower in electrical synapses than in chemical synapses.
b. is slower in chemical synapses than in electrical synapses.
c. is bi-directional in chemical synapses
d. is uni-directional in electrical synapses.
e. is called saltatory conduction.

A

b. is slower in chemical synapse than in electrical synapse.

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14
Q

Changing the number of Ca channels in a chemical synapse is an example of which mechanism of synaptic plasticity?

a. Post synaptic modulation
b. Pre synaptic modulation
c. Renshaw modulation
d. Temporal summation
e. None of the above

A

b. Pre synaptic modulation.

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15
Q

Humans cannot use X-rays for vission because

a. X rays contain too little energy to affect rhodopsin
b. X rays contain too much energy and destroys rhodopsin
c. Our eyes block X-rays
d. The On and Off center fields will flip-flop

A

b. X-rays contain too much energy and destroys rhodopsin.

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16
Q

What neurotransmitter binds to the nicotinic receptor?

a. BTX
b. ACh
c. norepinephrine
d. GABA

A

b. ACh

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17
Q

What sequence of events occurs during odor detection?

a. 7-1-3-2-5-6-4
b. 7-2-4-1-6-5-2
c. 7-2-1-3-6-4-5
d. 7-3-2-1-6-5-4
e. 7-2-3-6-1-4-5

A

7-2-3-6-1-4-5

(7) odor is inhaled
(2) odorant binds to metabotropic receptor protein
(3) G protein activation
(6) activation of adenyl cyclase
(1) cAMP level increases
(4) cAMP binds to cyclic nucleotide-gated channels
(5) influx of Ca and Na and receptor membrane depolarization

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18
Q

The detection of sugar molecules by taste cells on the tongue requires

a. closing of voltage gated Ca channels
b. opening of K leak channels
c. hyperpolarization of the receptor cell membrane
d. Ca stimulated NT release from synaptic vesicles
e. mymami

A

d. Ca stimulated NT release from synaptic vesicles.

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19
Q

The vertebrate nervous system conducts in only one direction. This one-way conductance occurs

a. becase of the Nodes of Ranvier
b. because of voltage-gated sodium channels found in the verterbrate system.
c. because vertebrate nerve cells have dendrites
d. because only the post-synaptic membranes can bind NTs, resulting in an AP
e. The Na-K pump moves ions in one direction, producing an AP.

A

d. because only the postsynaptic membranes can bind NTs, resulting in an AP.

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20
Q

All of the following molecules are NTs in the chemical family known as monoamines, except

a. ACh
b. epinephrine
c. dopamine
d. serotonin

A

a. ACh

21
Q

A typical receptor cell shows the following typical features:

a. Doubling the stimulus intensity results in doubling the receptor cell response.
b. a threshold stimulus intensity.
c. Range fractionation
d. Answers a and b
e. Answers a, b, and c

A

b. threshold stimulus intensity.

22
Q

The detection of many individual odors by mammals is thought to be due to

a. combinational coding.
b. place coding
c. frequency coding
d. amplitude coding
e. one specific chemoreceptor cell for each odor.

A

a. combinational coding

23
Q

Which feature(s) of vomeronasal organ (VNO) is/are different from those of the main olfactory organ?

a. the transduction pathway of the receptors cell
b. the location of neurons in the olfactory cortex processing receptor cell information
c. the detection of food odors
d. answers a and b
e. all.

A

d. answers a and b

24
Q

Conduction of AP along a nerve axon requires

a. a hyperpolarization large enough to exceed threshold potential leading the AP
b. Node of Ranvier
c. depolarization large enough to exceed threshold potential trailing the AP
d. a depolarization large enough to exceed threshold potential leading the AP.
e. myelin

A

d. a depolarization large enough to exceed threshold potential leading the AP

25
Q

How can the release of a NT from the presynaptic terminal be controlled?

a. by the arrival of an AP in the presynaptic terminal
b. by autoreceptors
c. by presynaptic inhibition
d. answers a and c
e. answers a, b, and c.

A

e. answers a, b, and c.

26
Q

LLateral inhibition results

a. in an increase in stimulus selectivity selectivity, detecting different sensory modalitites
b. in an increase in stimulus contrast
c. in color blindness
d. from negative feedback
e. from positive feedback

A

b. in an increase in stimulus contrast

27
Q

The function of Renshaw cells is to

a. facilitate the action of an electrical synapse
b. facilitate the action of a chemical synapse
c. inhibit the action of an electrical synapse
d. inhibit the action of a chemical synapse
e. inhibit the action of strychnine.

A

d. inhibit the action of a chemical synapse.

28
Q

Compared with fast chemical synaptic transmission, a synapse with a SLOW chemical transmission

a. uses ionoptropic receptors
b. has relatively small snyaptic vesicles
c. uses metabotropic receptors
d. answers a and b
e. answers b and c

A

c. uses metabotropic receptors

29
Q

What is the correct sequence of events during an excitatory snyaptic transmission at the chemical sysnpase?

a. 1-2-3-6-7-5-4
b. 1-3-7-6-5-4-2
c. 6-3-5-4-2-7-1
d. 7-5-4-3-2-1-4
e. 1-3-5-6-2-7-4

A

e. 1-3-5-6-2-7-4

(1) Ap reaches terminal
(3) Ca channels are activated by depolarization
(5) Ca influx into the presynaptic terminal
(6) synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane
(2) NT diffuses across the cleft
(7) binding of NT to postsynaptic receptors
(4) depolarization produces EPSP

30
Q

The establishment and maintance of a cell’s resting membrane potential is dependent on

a. a selective permeability of the membrane to ions
b. active transport of ions
c. the presence of non-diffusible anions inside the cell
d. all of the above
e. non of the above

A

d. all of the above

31
Q

What will happen to the conduction velocity of AP if only the resistance across the axon membrane increases?

a. increase
b. decrease
c. first a decrease, then an increase
d. no change
e. directionreversal

A

a. an increase

32
Q

During the absolute refractory period

a. the K channels cant be opened, preventing the production of another AP
b. the K channels are open and some of the Na-channels can be opened, allowing the production of another AP with a reduced amplitude
c. The Na channels cant be opened, preventing the production of another AP
d. The AP is smaller relative to the threshold potentials

A

c. the Na-channels cant be opened, preventing the production of another AP

33
Q

The reversal potential differs from the AP because the reversal potential

a. does not involve the Hodgkin Cycle.
b. is due to opening of presynaptic ion channels by Renshaw cells.
c. is due to opening of postsynaptic ion channels allowing both Na and K to go through
d. a and b
e. a and c

A

e. a and c

34
Q

Which ion gate opens and closes the fastest?

a. VGNaC
b. VGKC
c. K-leakage channel
d. both VGNaC and K-leakage channel open and close equally fast

A

a. VGNaC

35
Q

Which feature(s) is (are) shared between graded potentials and AP?

a. refractory period
v. variation in magnitude
c. always depolarization and reversal of charges.
d. constant duration
e. none

A

e. none

36
Q

What is true for hair cells, but NOT for photoreceptor cells?

a. stimulation modulates NT release
b. voltage-gated Ca channels close
c. stimulation results in K entering the cell
d. stimulation results in an AP in the receptor cell
e. none

A

c. stimulation results in K entering the cell.

37
Q 
Choose the answer that arranges the list of events in excitation-contraction coupling in the correct order they occur.
V. AP travels down t-tubules
W. motor endplate depolarizes
X. Ca pumped into longitudinal SR
Y. AP travels over muscle cell membrane
Z. Ca released through channels from SR

a. Z, X, Y, W, V
b. W, Y, V, Z, X
c. V, W, X, Z, Y
d. Y, V, W, Z, X
e. W, Y, Z, X, V

A

b. W, Y, V, Z, X

38
Q

The major functional difference between single-unit visceral smooth muscle and multi-unit smooth muscle is:

a. AP can spread from cell to cell in single unit, but not in multi-unit.
b. single-unit contains actin and myosin, multi-unit does not
c. Ca controls contraction in multi-unit, but Na does it in a single unit
d. multi-unit contracts in response to hormones, single unit does not

A

a. AP can spread from cell to cell in single unit, but not in multi-unit.

39
Q

The primary role of calcium in the activation of skeletal muscle is to

a. cause depolarization of the muscle cell plasma membrane
b. remove the inhibition of the reaction b/w actin filaments and myosin filaments
c. activate myosin molecules so they can interact with actin filaments
d. provide the energy necessary for contraction
e. regulate the ionic composition of the interior of the cell

A

b. remove the inhibition of the reaction b/w actin filaments and myosin filaments

40
Q

The primary role of calcium in the activation of smooth muscle is to

a. cause depolarization of the muscle cell plasma membrane
b. remove the inhibition of the reaction b/w actin filaments and myosin filaments
c. activate myosin molecules so they can interact with actin filaments
d. provide the energy necessary for contraction
e. regulate the ionic composition of the interior of the cell

A

c. activate myosin molecules so they can interact with acitn filaments.

41
Q

As the intensity of stimulation increases, more and more muscle fibers will become activated. This process is called

a. frequency modulation (FM)
b. amplitude modulation (AM)
c. cable properties of the neuron
d. recruitment

A

d. recruitment

42
Q

Which form of membrane transport has NO rate limiting factors if the concentration difference across the membrane increase?

a. Passive transport through channels.
b. Carrier-mediated transport
c. Activate transport through membrane
d. Answers a and b
e. None

A

e. none

43
Q

The diffusion rate of chemical X across a cell membrane can be decreased by

a. increasing the membrane permeability of X
b. increasing concentration gradient for X across the membrane
c. increasing area of diffusion
d. increasing thickness of membrane
e. decreasing thickness of membrane

A

d. increasing thickness of membrane

44
Q

During aerobic conditions in the animal cell

a. glucose is converted to lactate
b. more ATP is produced in the mitochondria than the cytoplasm
c. no NADH is produced
d. CO2 is produced in gylcolysis.
e. oxygen is depleted

A

e. oxygen is depleted.

45
Q

Which glial cells produce electrical impulses and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

a. Microglia
b. Astrocytes
c. Satelite cells
d. Ependymal cells
e. None of the above

A

e. None of the above

46
Q

Which chemicals are synthesized in the presynaptic terminals and packaged in clear-core vesicles?

a. neutopeptides
b. small molecule NT
c. Ptoteolytic enzymes
d. kinesin

A

b. small molecule NT

47
Q

The following is true:

a. Nerves may contain axons, but axons do not contain nerves
b. All sensory neurons detect a specific stimulus, but not all stimuli are detected by a specific sensory neuron
c. The postsynaptic membrane contains receptor proteins for NT, but the presynaptic membrane does now.
d. A twitch is due to continued active state of the contractile components, but tetanus is not.

A

b. All sensory neurons detect a specific stimulus, but not all stimuli are detected by a specific sensory neuron

48
Q

A negative feedback mechanism

a. produces more product
b. produces stronger results
c. turn itself off.
d. turn itself on.

A

c. turn itself off

49
Q

Which nerve fiber has the slowest conduction speed of AP?

a. a mylinated fiber with a diamete of 10 um
b. an unmyelinated fiber with a diamter of 10 um
c. an unmylinated fiber with diameter of 5 um
d. a mylinated fiber with a diameter of 5 um

A

c. an unmyelinated fiber with a diamter of 5 um.

BIOL 646 Exam A (5 decks)

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