Quizzes Flashcards
The left ovarian drains directly into the:
Left renal vein
Fluid noted posterior to the uterus would most likely be located within the:
Pouch of Douglas
Pelvic bones, when visualizes on sonography, will produce:
Posterior shadowing
The anterior cul-de-sac is also referred to as the:
Vesicouterine pouch
The right ovarian vein drains directly into the:
Ivc
The innominate bones of the pelvis consist of:
Ischium, ilium, and pubic bones
The true pelvis is delineated from the false pelvis by the
Linea terminalis
The uterus is located to the rectum:
Anterior
The muscles that may be confused with the ovaries on a pelvic sonogram include the:
Piriformus and iliopsoas muscles
Sonographically pelvic muscles appear:
Hypoechoic
Peritoneal spaces located posterior to the broad ligaments are referred to as the:
Adnexa
The paired muscles that are located lateral to the uterus and anterior to the iliac crest are:
Iliopsoas muscles
Fluid noted anterior to the uterus would most likely be located within the:
Vesicouterine pouch
The bilateral muscles that are located posterior to and extend from the sacrum to the femoral greater trochanter are the
Piriformus muscles
The pelvic ligament that provides support to the ovary and extends from the ovary to the lateral surface of the uterus is:
Ovarian ligament
The pelvic muscle group that is located between coccyx and the pubis is the:
Levator ani muscles
The space of retzius is located:
Between the bladder and pubic bone
The right ovarian artery branches off of the:
Aorta
The muscle located lateral to the ovaries is the:
Obuturator internus muscle
Weakening of these muscles may lead to prolapse of the pelvic organs:
Levator ani and coccygeus muscles
The arteries that directly supply blood to the functional layer of the:
Spiral arteries
Another name for the rectouterine pouch is:
Pouch of Douglas
The pelvic ligament that extends from the lateral aspect of the uterus to the side walls of the pelvis is the:
Broad ligament
The uterine artery branches off the:
Internal iliac artery
The peripheral arteries of the uterus are the:
Arcuate arteries
The urinary bladder, uterus, and ovaries are located within the:
True pelvis
The ligament that extends from the ovary to the pelvic side wall is the:
Suspensory ligament
Pelvic bones when visualized on sonography, will appear:
Hyperechoic
The ovary is supplied blood by the:
Ovarian artery and uterine artery
Follicle stimulating hormone is produced by the:
Anterior pituitary gland
Painful and difficult menstruation is termed:
Dysmenorrhea
The hormone of the pituitary gland that stimulates follicular development
Fsh
The first phase of the ovarian cycle is
Follicular phase
The hormone produced by the hypothalamus that controls the release of the hormones for menstruation by the anterior pituitary gland is:
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
The hormone that is responsible for ovulation is:
Luteinizing hormone
The first phase of the endometrial cycle is the:
Proliferative phase
The corpus luteum primarily releases:
Progesterone
The arteries within the functional layer of the endometrium that are altered by the hormones of the ovary are the:
Spiral arteries
The second phase of the endometrial cycle is the
Secretory phase
Which of the following hormones is released by the ovary during the second half of the menstrual cycle
Progesterone
Luteinizing hormone is produced by the
Anterior pituitary gland
The first menstrual cycle is termed:
Menarche
The second phase of the ovarian cycle is called
Luteal phase
The two hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland that impact the menstrual cycle
Luteum icing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone
Which hormone released by the ovary during the proliferative phase stimulated endometrial thickening
Estrogen
The small vessels found along the periphery of the uterus are call the?
arcuate arteries
The endometrium is at its greatest thickness and echogenicity with posterior enhancement in the _______________ phase.
secretory
The difference between peak systole and peak diastole is know as
S/D ratio
A procedure where sterile saline is infused into the endometrial cavity via a catheter to help demonstrate abnormalities in the cavity is ?
sonohysterography
To image the fundus of the anteverted uterus with transvaginal sonography, the transducer should be angled so the handle is ?
toward the bed
symmetric bilateral pelvic structures are most likely?
pelvic muscles
flexion refers to the axis of the uterine body relative to the ?
cervix
Nabothian cysts are found__________?
endocervical canal
arcuate artery calcification are seen in _______ women.
diabetic
The most accurate way to measure the cervical fundal dimension of the uterus is?
transabdominally
Name three things that the distended urinary bladder does to allow visualization of the pelvic organs.
- pushes uterus down
- use as an acoustic window
3.
What features should be documented when a mass is found on the pelvic sonogram?
size, location, external contour and internal consistency
What are some contraindications of performing a tranvaginal sonogram?
age, patient refusal, virgin, lack of patient tolerance
The vaginal opening is also know as?
introtius
name the six muscle groups of the pelvis
- leviator ani
- piriformius
- psoas
- illacus
- obturator internus
- coccygeus
_________ is the measurement that takes the highest systolic peak minus the highest diastolic peak divided by the highest systolic peak.
pourcelot resistive index
In an infant, the endometrium may appear thick and echogenic because of ?
hormones from the mother
Patient’s with postmenopausal bleeding and an endometrial double layer thickness great than_____ should have further evaluation
5mm
Typically the ovary is located just lateral to the ________ and anteromedial to the __________, which can be used as a landmark to localize the artery.
uterus, internal illiac
During the proliferative phase, many follicles develop and increase in size until about day 8 or 9 of the menstrual cycle. This is cause by?
FSH, LH
The volume of the ovary is calculated using the formula for a prolate ellipse which is:
.523 x length x width x height
prepubertally the cervix occupies ______ of the uterine length and the uterus is about 1 to 3 cm in length and .5 to 1 cm in width.
2/3
The sonographic appearance of the proliferative endometrium is known as the _______ sign
3 line sign
The best sonographic marker for the ovary is identification of a _______
follicle
Because of the variability in shape, __________ is considered the best method for determining ovarian size.
volume
Clinical signs of a 32 year old woman with an enlarged uterus on physical examination and a history of cycle profuse, prolonged bleeding with increasing pain most likely represent: A) early pregnancy B) leiomyoma C) ruptured Nabothian cycst D) ruptured follicular
B) leiomyoma
The most common site for a leiomyoma to occur is: A) submucosal B) subserosal C) pedunculated D) intramural
D) intramural
Complication in delivery may occur with pregnancy if a fibroid is located: A near the fundus B. pedunculated off the fundus C. near the cervix D. near the ovar
near the cervix
Hydrometra appears sonographically as:
A) a sonolucent tubular structure in the adnexa
B) an echogenic thickening of the endometrium
C) a sonolucent fluid collection in the uterine canal
D) a sonolucent fluid collection in the uterus, cervix and vagina
C. a sonolucent fluid collection in the uterine canal
A benign invasion of endometrial tissue into the myometrium is known as:
Adenomyosis
A hyperplastic protrusion of the epithelium of the cervix; may be broad based or pedunculated
cerivcal polyp
The most common sonographic finding in the endometrial carcinoma:
abnormal thickening of the endometrial cavity
A small percentage of leiomyomas are located in the:
cervix
An acquired condition with obstruction of the cervical canal is most likely a result of:
cervical stenosis
The size and shape of the normal uterus are related to all except which of the following?
family history
Which leiomyoma location is most likely to cause heavy irregular uterine bleeding?
submucosal
The most common cause of uterine calcification is:
myomas
On ultrasound, the characteristic appearance of a degenerating leiomyoma is:
heterogeneous
Which of the following statements about adenomyosis is false?
A) Ectopic tissue arises from stratum functionalis of the endometrium
B) adenomyosis can be managed with hormone therapy
C) adenomyosis may cause abnormal uterine bleeding
D) Adenomyosis may cause pelvic pain during menstruation
A) Ectopic tissue arises from stratum functionalis of the endometrium
Endometrial hyperplasia develops from:
unopposed estrogen stimulation
A 3-day postpartum woman compalins of intense pelvic pain. Sonographically, the uterus appears hypoechoic with an irregular endometrium. This most likely represents:
endometritis
Only ____% of women with postmenopausal bleeding have endometrial carcinoma.
10%
Patients on tamoxifen therarpy have an increased risk of:
enodmetrial hyperplasia
endometrial polys
endometrial carcinoma
A 28 year old woman presents with left lower quadrant pain. Her last menstrual period was 2 weeks ago. Sonographically, the uterine body displays a highly echogenic structure in the endometrial cavity. This most likely represents:
an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD)
Irregular, acyclic bleeding is defined as:
metrorrhea
Where might you find a Gartner’s duct cyst?
vagina
In a posthysterectomy patient, the normal vaginal cuff should not exceed ____cm.
2
The duplication of the uterus with a common cervix is:
bicornuate uterus
a blood filled vagina and uterus is know as:
hematometrocolpos
An anomaly of the uterus in which only one horn develops is known as:
unicornuate uterus
A fluid filled vagina is:
hydrocolpos
A complete duplication of the uterus, cervix, and vagina is:
didelphys uterus
In this condition, blood may be seen in the cervix and uterine cavities:
vaginal atresia
The “cigar” shaped uterus that is deviated to one side is called:
unicornuate uterus
Early in development, both sexes appear similar until the _____ week of gestation.
9th
These ducts form most of the female genital tract.
paramesonephric
In the newborn female, the uterus is prominent with a:
thickened hyperechoic endometrial lining
The blood supply to the uterus is provided by the:
uterine arteries
Congenital anomalies of the uterus have a high association of:
a
Types of mullerian abnormalities include all except which of the following? A) improper fusion B) incomplete development of one side C) incomplete vaginal canaliztion D) improper location of the vagina
D) improper locationof the vagina
The upper third of the vagina and uterus is derived from the embryonic: A) paramesonephric ducts B) mullerian ducts C) mueller ducts D) both a and b
D) both a and b
The most common cause of the female pseudohermaphroditism is:
congenital virilizing adrenal hyperaplsia
The cranial parts of the paramesonephric ducts form the:
uterine tubes
A congenital anomaly of the uterus in which two closely spaced uterine cavities are seen with only one fundus is a:
septate uterus
A differential diagnosis of an ovarian teratoma may include ______ when pain is located on the right side:
a
This uterine condition has the highest incidence of fertility problems:
septate uterus
The bilobed uterine cavity with wide spaced cavities and low incidence of fertility complication is:
bicornuate uterus
Ovarian size in neonate to postpuberty female is most accurate using:
a
Congenital uterine anomalies occur in approximately _____% of females.
.5-1.0
Errors in sexual development result in:
ambiguous genitalia
There is a high incidence of larger ovarian cysts in infants of mothers with all except:
DES exposure
A small endocrine structure that develops within a ruptured ovarian follicle and secretes progesterone and estorgen is?
corpus luteum cyst
A _______ cyst occurs when a dominant follicle does not succeed in ovulating and remains active although immature
follicular cyst
The most common adnexal mass found during early pregnancy is a
corpus luteal cyst
Which of the following is a localized tumor of endometriosis most frequently found in the ovary, cul-de-sac, retrovaginal septum and peritoneal surface of the posterior wall of the uterus? A. dermoid B. myoma C. paraovarian cyst D. endometrioma
endometrioma
The normal ovary has a__________ echo texture
homogeneous with central echogenic medulla
Simple ovarian cysts in postmenopausal women are not likely malignant when measuring less than _____ cm
5
Sonographic criteria for a simple ovarian cyst include all except which of the following? A. anechoic B. smooth walls C. posterior shadowing D. acoustic enhancement
posterior shadowing
which statement about PCOS is false? A. It includes amenorrhea B. it includes early pregnancy loss C. it occurs in the mid to late thirties D. it includes hirsutism
It occurs in the mid to late thirties
Paraovarian cysts arise from the :
Broad ligament
A specific diagnosis of paraovarian cyst is made possible only by:
demonstrating an ipsilateral ovary separate from the cyst
Ovarian carcinoma is classified into four stages. Stage II is limited to?
limited to pelvis
A common condition in which functioning endometrial tissue is present outside of the uterus is:
endometriosis
Partial or complete rotation of the ovarian pedicle on its axis defines:
ovarian torsion
Which of the following statements about ovarian torsion is F?
A. usually presents as a solid adnexal mass
B. torsion frequently involves the ovary and fallopioan tube
C. the ovary appears enlarged
D. the left ovary is three times more likely to torse than the right
D
A tumor that may mimic gas or feces int he pelvis is a:
dermoid
The dermoid tumor is typically assoicated with what ultrasound sign?
tip of the icerberg
What statement about Meigs' syndrome is false A. associated with fibroma B. includes massive ascities C . associated with theca lutein cysts D. includes pleural effusions
associated with theca lutein cysts
This rare, benign estrogen producing ovarian neoplasm is most often seen in postmenopausal women?
thecoma
Which of the following is an endocrine disorder associated with chronic anovulation?
PCOS
Which pelvic organ is more involved with metastatic disease?
ovary
A metastatic mass to the ovaries from the gastrointestional tract is know as:
dysgerminoma
A corpus luteal cyst will usually regress by ____ weeks gestations
16
As time goes on the appearance of a hemorrhagic cyst becomes more________
complex
Endometriosis presents in two forms
diffust & localized
another name for an endometrioma is
chocolate cyst
Sonographic findings with ovarian torsion include an adnexal mass and commonly____
free fluid
The two most common types of epithelial tumors of the ovary are?
mucous and serous
The demoid cyst is composed of what three germ layers?
endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm
A rate malignant germ cell turmor in a woman less than 30 years of age that appears sonographically as an entirely solid mass is usually a
dysgermioma
A benign ovarian neoplasm that is filled with a sticky, gelatin like material is know as a
mucous cystadenoma
A malignant ovarian neoplasm with thick irregular walls and septations accompanied by ascites with bright punctate echoes is know as a
mucous cystadenocarcinoma
A malignant ovarian neoplasm that appears sonogrpahically as a cystic structure with thin septations and or papillary projections and is more often bilateral is know as
serous cystadenocarcinoma
granulosa cell tumors, thecomas, fibroma and Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors fall under the category of
stromal tumors
a deminizing neplasm composed of cells resembling the graafian follicle is know as
granulosa
an ovarian tumor with an abudance of fibrous tissue that is rarely associated with estrogen production is know as a
fibroma
________ descrives the intraperitoneal extension of mucin secreting cells that result from the rupture of a mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
pseudomyxoma peritonei
A _______ , also know as a transitional cell tumor, is a rare benign tumor falling under the category of surface epithelial tumors. Sonographic appearance often is a small, hypoechoic tumor that may contain calcifications.
Brenners tumor
When evaluating the infertile patient, in addition to assessing structural anatomy of the uterus, the sonographer should evaluate the:
endometrium
The uterine anomaly most frequently associated with a high incidence of infertility is:
septate uterus
The triple line sign is associated with which structure?
endometrium
The fallopian tubes are evaluated by sonography/saline to determine:
patency
A dominant follicle grows at a rate of:
2.0 to 3.0 mm/day
Patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome may present with the clinical triad of all except which of the following A. oligomenorrhea B. hirsutism C. bulimia D. obesity
bulimia
Complications associated with assisted reproductive technologies include all except which of the following? A. hyperstimulation B. Multiple gestations C. cervical stenosis D. ectopic pregnancy
cervical stenosis
After ovulation, progesterone is secreted by:
corpus luteum
Cervical mucus is evaluated by the postcoital test within:
24 hours
The t-shped uterus is a congenital anomaly caused by:
exposure to DES in utero
In the luteal phase, the endometrial lining may be thinner than expected from not enough:
progesterone
_______tend to have a narrow base attachement to the endometrium with a vascular pedicle feeing it.
endometrial polyp
a hyperechoic linear strand of tissue extending from one wall of the uterine cavity to the other
synechia
A normal endometrial response associated with overstimulation is an increasing thickness form 2 to 3mm to ______
12 to 14mm
A human fertilization technique in which fertilized ova are injected through a laparoscope into the fimbriated ends of the fallopian tubes id know as:
ZIFT
Fertilization takes place within the womans body in
GIFT
demonstrates enlarged ovaries wiht multiple cysts, abdominal ascites, and pleural effusion?
ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
Ovarian induction therapy requires documetaion of all follicles greater than ______ in both longitudinal and transverse planes
10mm
Follicle size and ________determines the approximate time of ovulation
estradiol levels
in vitro fertilization, the optimal placement of the embryos is considered to within 1.0 to 1.5 cm of the apex of the ______
uterine fundus
Multiple gestations occur in approximately _________ of in vitro fertiliztion
25%
The success rate of GIFT adn ZIFT is approximately _____ per cycle.
25%
Before embryo transfer into the uterus, the oocytes are fertilized and incubated for ________
48 to 74 hours
A infection that involves the fallopian tube and the the ovary is called
TOA
Risk factors in pelvic inflammatory diease include all except which of the following? A. early sexual contact B. single sexual partner C. sexually transmitted diseases D. IUD
B. single sexual partner
Which of the following statements about PID is false?
A. PID is almost always a bilateral collection of pus and fluid
B. patients may present with pelvic pain and a history of infertility
C. PID includes vaginal discharge with bleeding
D. A history of PID indicates a decreased risk of etopic pregnancy
D. a history of PID indicates a decreased risk of etopic pregnancy
Which of the following statements about the fallopian tube is false?
A. The normal lumen is usually not visualized
B. detection is easier if fluid or pus is withing the tube
C. The tube is best seen transabdominally
D. ascites is helpful to outline the tube
The tube is best seen transabdominally
What is an infection within the fallopian tube called?
salpingitis
PID is an inclusive term that refers to all pelvic infections except? A. oophoritis B. endometriosis C.parametritis D. myometritis
B. endometriosis
The most common etiology of PID
sexually transmitted diseases
Fusion of the inflamed dilated tube and ovary is called
tuboovarian complex
Infection within the uterine serosa and broad ligmanets is
parametritis
Clinical symptoms of PID may include
d
