Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2nd Year GYN > Chapter 39: Normal Pelvic A&P > Flashcards

Chapter 39: Normal Pelvic A&P Flashcards

1
Q

The bony pelvis consists of what four bones?

A
  • 2 innominate bones
  • sacrum
  • coccyx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Each innominate bone is made of:

A
  • ilium
  • ischium
  • pubis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where do the innominate bones fuse?

A

join posteriorly at the sacrum and coccyx and fuse anteriorly at the pubic symphisis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do pelvic muscles typically appear?

A

hypoechoic with hyperechoic striations when viewed in long axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are the psoas major muscles

A

originate at the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae and descend inferiorly through the false pelvis on the lateral sidewalls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What muscles do the psoas major muscles join with in the false pelvis?

A

ilacus muscles, forming the iliopsoas muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe piriformis muscles and where they are

A

flat, triangular muscles that arise from the anterior sacrum and pass through the greater sciatic notch on the posterior aspect of the innominate bone to insert into the superior aspect of the greater trochanter of the femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe obturator internus muscles and where they are

A

triangular sheets of muscle that arise from the anterolateral pelvis wall and surround the obturator foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What muscles form the pelvic diaphragm?

A

levator ani and coccygeus muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the levator ani?

A

a group of 3 muscles that extend across the pelvic floor like a hammock:

  • pubococcygeus muscles
  • iliococcygeus muscles
  • puborectalis muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where are the coccygeus muscles found?

A

posterior pelvic floor (support coccyx)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

T/F: levator ani plays an important role in continence?

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What helps you ID ureters?

A

ureteral jets in the posteroinferior bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The uterine cervix protrudes into the upper portion of the vaginal canal, forming four archlike recesses called:

A

fornices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The uterus has what parts?

A
  • fundus
  • body (corpus)
  • cervix
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the widest, most superior portion of the uterus?

A

fundus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are found at the lateral corners of the uterus?

A

cornua

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the cervix?

A

lower cylindrical portion of the uterus that projects into the vaginal canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterine wall?

A
  1. serosa/perimetrium
  2. myometrium
  3. endometrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two layers of the endometrium?

A
  1. superficial functional layer (zona functionalis)

2. deep basal layer (zona basalis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the basal layer of the endometrium?

A

thin layer of the blindends of the endometrial glands that regenerates new endometrium after menses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The uterus is supported in its midline positioned by what paired ligaments?

A
  • broad ligaments
  • cardinal ligaments
  • uterosacral ligaments
  • round ligaments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the broad ligaments

A

a double-fold of peritoneum that drape over the fallopian tubes, uterus, and ovaries and contain the uterine blood vessels and nerves (sheet-like)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 3 broad ligaments?

A
  • mesovarium
  • mesosalpinx
  • mesometrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe the round ligaments

A

fibrous cords that occur in front of and below the fallopian tubes between the layers of broad ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe the cardinal ligaments

A

continuation of the broad ligaments that extend across the pelvic floor laterally and firmly support the cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe the uterosacral ligaments

A

originate at the lateral uterine isthmus and extend downward along the sides of the rectum to the sacrum, firmly supports cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The average uterine position is

A

anteverted and/or anteflexed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is anteverted?

A

when cervical canal forms a 90 degree or less angle with the vaginal canal

30
Q

What is retroverted?

A

cervical canal forms an angle less than 90 degrees with the vaginal canal

31
Q

Where are the fallopian tubes?

A

lie superior to the utero-ovarian ligaments, round ligaments, and tuboovarian blood vessels…contained in the broad ligaments

32
Q

List the 4 portions of the fallopian tubes and where they are:

A
  • infundibulum: lateral
  • ampulla: middle
  • isthmus : medial
  • interstitial: passes through uterine cornua
33
Q

How long are ovaries on average?

A

3 cm long

34
Q

Where do ovaries usually lie?

A

posterior to the uterus at the level of the cornua

35
Q

What is the primary blood supply to the ovaries?

A

from the ovarian arteries, which anastamose with the uterine artery, providing additional blood flow

36
Q

What do the ovarian arteries arise from?

A

lateral aspect of the abdominal aorta

37
Q

What do ovaries produce?

A
  • ovum
  • estrogen (secreted by follicles)
  • progesterone (secreted by corpus luteum)
38
Q

How are ovaries supported?

A

medially by ovarian ligaments, and laterally by suspensory (infundibulopelvic) ligaments

39
Q

Internal iliac AKA

A

hypogastric arteries

40
Q

What do the internal iliac arteries perfuse to supply blood to?

A

urinary bladder, uterus, vagina, rectum

41
Q

Where does the left ovarian vein drain into?

A

left renal vein

42
Q

Where does the right ovarian vein drain into?

A

IVC

43
Q

Describe uterine artery

A

tortuous and spirals up the sides of the uterus within the broad ligament to the cornua, where it courses laterally to anastamose with ovarian artery

44
Q

Describe arcuate arteries:

A

arch like vessels encircling uterus…sonographically anechoic tubular structures in the outer 3rd of myometrium

45
Q

Where are radial arteries

A

extend through myometrium to the base of endometrium

46
Q

Describe spiral arteries

A

lengthen during the regeneration of the endometrium after menses to traverse the endometrium and supply the zona functionalis

47
Q

When is blood from the spiral arteries shed?

A

during menses

48
Q

What is polymenorrhea?

A

when cycle occurs at intervals of less than 21 days

49
Q

What is oligomenorrhea?

A

when cycles is prolonged more than 35 days

50
Q

When does ovulation occur (daywise)

A

day 14

51
Q

How many oocytes at time of birth?

A

200,000

52
Q

What does the hypothalamus release at puberty?

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormones

53
Q

What do gonadotropin-releasing hormones do?

A

stimulate anterior pituitary gland to secrete FSH and LH

54
Q

The secretion of FSH by the anterior pituitary causes what?

A

the ovarian follicles to develop during the first half of the menstrual cycle (begins first day of bleeding through ovulation on day 14)

55
Q

How large is a graffian follicle right before ovulation?

A

2-2.5 cm

56
Q

As estrogen leves in the blood rise with follicle development:

A

the pituitary gland is inhibited from further production of FSH and begins secreting LH

57
Q

When does LH surge?

A

24-36 hours before ovulation

58
Q

When does LH level usually reach its peak?

A

10-12 hours before ovulation

59
Q

What triggers ovulation on day 14?

A

LH surge with smaller FSH surge

60
Q

After ovulation, what phase does the ovary enter?

A

luteal stage, about 14 days in length

61
Q

T/F: does the luteal phase ever vary in length?

A

no

62
Q

What happens in the luteal phase?

A

cells in the lining of the ruptured ovarian follicle begin to multiply and create corpus luteum …corpus luteum immediately begins secreting progesterone

63
Q

When does corpus luteum degenerate, causing progesterone levels to decline?

A

9-11 days after ovulation

64
Q

What occurs as progesterone levels decline?

A

menstruation

65
Q

If pregnancy occurs, how long does corpus luteum persist?

A

3 months

66
Q

What are the three phases of endometrial cycle?

A
  • menstrual phase (1-5)
  • proliferative phase (6-14)
  • secretory phase (15-28)
67
Q

What is menorrhagia?

A

abnormally heavy or long periods, associated with fibroids or hormonal imbalances

68
Q

What is oligomenorrhea?

A

abnormally short or light periods; often associated with PCOS..but also caused by stress, eating disorders, poor nutrition, chronic illnesses, tumors secreting estrogen

69
Q

What is dysmenorrhea?

A

painful period, often associated with endometriosis

70
Q

T/F: It’s normal to see small amount of free fluid in the posterior cul-de-sac?

A

True

71
Q

When does the greatest quantity of fluid in the post. culdesac form?

A

immediately following ovulation when follicle ruptures

72
Q

Hemorrhage or infection in the free fluid in the posterior culdesac may be related to what?

A

ruptured cyst, ascites, ruptured corpus luteum cyst, ectopic pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease

2nd Year GYN (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions