quiz1 Flashcards
2 ways to define “prosody” in human speech
definition by function and definition by form
prosody defined by form: prosody comprises the ______ aspects of the speech stream
suprasegmental
the supersegmental aspects of prosody defined my form are acoustically reflected in: (these three things __ __ __ )
fundamental frequency/f0, duration, and intensity
prosody (defined by function) prosody is phonetic and phonological properties of speech that are NOT related to the choice off __
lexical items
prosody (defined by function) but also have certain ____ in an ____to mark
functions in an utterance to mark
syntactic structure, speech act, turn taking, emphasis, rhythm, emotion and attitude are all marked functions in an utterance. t/f.
T
two important concepts in prosody
prosodic boundaries (Prosodic Phrasing) and Prosodic Prominence
Prosody can signal boundaries in a
syntactic structure
garden-path sentences
cause local ambiguity. but prosody canc help avoid the garden path. those sentences where the initial part of the sentence leads you to a wrong direcction, when you should’ve done it a different way.
“when roger leaves the house is dark” is an example of a
garden path structure
prosidic boundaries are disambiguating clues t/f
T. in text to speech or speech to text it is usually indicated by commas.
english is a stress timing language t/f
T- lexical stress. record vs record
japanese is a stress timing language or syllable timed language
syllable timed language
sentences with global ambiguity : “mary claimed that the CEO lied when the investigation started.” what are the two different readings from this sentence
the ceo lied when the investigation started
or mary made the claim when the investigation started that he lied.
where are the prosadic boundaries as disambiguating clues in the global ambiguous sentence “mary claimed that the ceo lied when the investigation started.”?
between “claimed that” and “the CEO lied when” and also between “That the CEO lied” and “when the investigation started.”
how can we tell the existence of prosodic boundaries?
acoustic cues. main cues: pauses and pre-boundary lengthening/duration but also, pitch, intensity.
accoustic correlates of boundaries: main cue
duration- most reliable cue in disambiguating syntactic structures. but other things like f0 and instensity also matter.
boundary cues 1 duration. main durational cues
pauses and pre-boundary lengthening
boundary cues 1-1 pauses: both the _____ and _____ of PAUSES matter in boundary perception.
presence and legth of pauses matter in boundary perception.
t/f the presence of a pause (silent interval) is NOT a strong cue to boundaries.
f. the presence of a pause (silent interval) IS a strong cue to boundaries.
Different amounts of pause duration can code different degrees of boundaries. t/f
true
pre-boundary lengthening (aka final lengthening)
segments are lengthened before boundaries.
listeners can hear pauses if there are no unfilled pauses in the signal. t/f
FALSE. listeners report hearing pauses even when there are no unfilled pauses in the signal.
a second important acoustic dimension in cueing prosodic boundaries is ____
Fundamental Frequency, F0.
the main pitch cue affecting boundary perception is pitch excursion. t/f.
T.
boundary cues 2-1 Pitch excursion is indicative of:
indicates the local movement on the pitch track represented by a sequence of L (low tone) and H ( High tone).
Pitch excursion is represented by a sequence of ___ and .
L (low tone) H (High)
pitch excursion at the boundary is commonly analyzed as pauses. T/F.
Falso- pitch excursion at the boundary is commonly analyzed as boundary tones
a boundary tone is a sequence of
L (Low tone) and H (high tone), followed by the % sign.
boundary tones only linked to syntactic structure t/f.
F. some boundary tones are often linked to the semantic meaning as well. like sentence-final boundary tones can indicate the speech act (wether its a statement or question).
intonational morphemes
those boundary tones are treated and related to semantic meaning such as rising and flaling tones. or question and statement intonation tones.
intensity is not related to boundaries. t/f.
FALSE. intensity is also related to boundaries but it’s less studied as a signal for boundaries than duration or pitch
what is the intensity pattern at boundaries? does it decrease or increase?
decrease.
stronger boundaries are associated with lower or higher intensity?
stronger boundaries are associated with LOWER intensity.
prosody and information structure: prosody can singnal the ____ in an utterance.
Emphasise. answer the questions who did anna marry? anna married LENNY.
how is prosodic prominence realized?
just as in the case of prosodic boundaries, the phonetic cues related to prominence include: duration, fundamental frequency. intensity.
what cues are most imporatant acoustically for prominence,
which cues are most important is controversial, it also varies vastly between languages. the focus in this class is on English. cues.
prominence cue 1. intenstiy is often said to be____________
the best acoustic correlate of prosodic prominence in Englsih. Some argue that duration and intensity together form a reliable correlate of prominence
prominence cue 2 duration: longer duration signals____
word stress and emphasis. ECOnomy ecoNOmics. vs. answering a quesion who did anna marry? anna married LENNY. who married lenny? ANNA married lenny. for example.
longer duration also signals prosodic boundaries? TRUE OR FALSE.
TRUE.
durational correlate of prominence:
decreasing the overlap between articulatory gestures.
curational correlate of boundary
slowing down gestures.
Prominence cue 3. F) (pitchh) can encode prominencei n many ways. the location of prominence in a word is reflected in the
temporal alignment of pitch accents.
focus
the mots prominent element in the sentence. signaled by an increase in pitch range
focus is signaled by an _____
increase in pitch range
post focal material is realized with a ___pitch range
reduced
the location of prominence in a word is reflected in
temporal alignment of pitc h accents
stress definition
an abstract concept to indicate the prominence of a syllable in the word.
pitch accent
the actual phonetic realization of the prominence in terms of pitch movement (sequence of Ls and Hs). what syllable gets stressed is usully recognized by pitch accents. and pitch excursion at higher moments.
if a word is prominent in a sentence, the prominence is realized as a ___________on the stressed syllable of the word.
pitch accent
focus can be signaled by an______________
increase in pitch range.
post-focal material is realized with a
reduced pitch range
fundamental frequenct, duration, and intensity signal:
prosodic boundaries (prosodic phrasing)
and/or prosodic prominence
phonetic experiments 2 types
production experiments, and perception experiments
speaker side
target of analysis speech
speech pathology perspective: articulation problems
production experiments
listener side
target of analysis responses to speech stimuli
speech pathology perspespective: hearing/ processing probs areeeeeeeeeeeee experiements thatttt
they are perception experiments
steps in conducting experiments
1.id a research q
2.plan an experiment
3. conducting the experiment
4. analyzing the data
5. writing the paper
how many participants for a production experiment?
depends on how easily speakers of the target language can be found. majoor=10 or more endangered 1~2 for ours 1 (possibly yourself)
how many participants for perception experiments?
usually 30 or more for publication. it depends on the experimental design more complex design requires more participants to reach statistical signficance (often more than 100)
suggested minimum for your term project:3.
how to prepare speech stimuli
present minimal pairs. pro experiments can create near-minimal pairs. in class we will learn how to manipulate speech files to create complete minimal pairs.
qualatrics survey
how to collect response to stimuli?
