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PHIL 1002 > Quiz Two > Flashcards

Quiz Two Flashcards

1
Q
  1. A philosopher who relies on and tries to preserve common sense:
A

Philosophical Conservatives

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2
Q
  1. A philosopher who is out to overturn (or at least question) common sense with reason:
A

Philosophical Radicals

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3
Q
  1. _______________ free will requires that the agent could have done otherwise.
A

Libertarianism

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4
Q
  1. What’s theological fatalism?
A

God is omniscient…Free only if could otherwise

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5
Q
  1. The view that the existence of freedom does not contradict universal determination
A

Compatibilism

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6
Q
  1. Explanatory _____: The variety of explanations is vast, and perhaps includes agent causation.
A

Pluarlism

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7
Q
  1. The view that the point of punishment is to publicly make the punishment bad so that others, seeing and then fearing that punishment, don’t engage in further bad behavior
A

Deterrence

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8
Q
  1. The point of punishment is to give bad consequences back to someone who did a bad thing: ____________.
A

Retribution

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9
Q
  1. Give three features to God’s nature, if he is to play a role of agential explainer for teleological arguments
A

God is omnipotent, omniscient, and free

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10
Q
  1. A theistic argument with the objective of explaining an otherwise unlikely good thing in the universe in light of divine agency
A

_Teleological

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11
Q
  1. A theistic argument with the objective of explaining the actuality of a contingent universe in light of divine necessity
A

Cosmological

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12
Q
  1. A theistic argument with the objective of demonstrating God’s existence in light of God’s essence:
A

Ontological

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13
Q
  1. Cosmological arguments start with the question: why is there _________ rather than ____?
A

something, nothing

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14
Q
  1. If something just is, and has no deeper explanation, its existence is called
A

Greatest Conceivable Being

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15
Q
  1. Anselm (and the Psalmist): The ________ says in his heart there is no God.
A

fool

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16
Q
  1. A response to the problem of evil, emphasizing God’s justice (or justification):
A

free will theodicy

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17
Q
  1. In arguments by analogy, the better-known thing is the ________ analogue, and the thing we are trying to understand is the _________ analogue.
A

primary, secondary

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18
Q
  1. A definition that is about a thing that is in thought only, so is only about words is
A

nominal

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19
Q
  1. The view that minded entities have only very recently (at least in cosmic time) evolved
A

psychological naturalism

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20
Q
  1. Anselm: God is the being that no … ______.
A

greater being can be conceived

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21
Q
  1. What’s the word ‘ontology’ mean? What is it to have a thing in one’s ontology?
A

ontology means the nature of being, accept something as real

22
Q
  1. I can doubt I have a body, but I cannot doubt I have a mind. So, mind and body must be different things. Explain one objection to this argument.
A

Minds can be divisible (split brain)

23
Q
  1. Explain the following sentence: Indeterminism is no way forward with free will, because it fails a requirement of free will being valuable.
A

Human actions aren’t free in a determinism idea

24
Q
  1. Explain why, if free will is a skill, freedom is gradable
A

In a compatibilist view, who you are isn’t up to you, but your actions are your products

25
Q
  1. What is the value argument for the agent-causal view of free will?
A

Actions are chosen in an agent-driven manner

26
Q
  1. Briefly state a pragmatic argument for keeping belief in free will.
A

If people don’t believe in free will, they will have no reason to praise/blame, becomes lawless society

27
Q
  1. Briefly state a pragmatic argument against keeping belief in free will
A

. Belief in free will correlates with RWA, JWB, they correlate with victim blaming, we should oppose victim blaming, avoid free will

28
Q
  1. Explain the reasons behind the claim: Were the laws of the universe ‘brute facts,’ they would be ‘irrational to the point of absurdity.’
A

Theres no explanation for why the universe is the way it is; nature and life isn’t irrational or absurd.

29
Q

why are ontological arguments considered to be a priori arguments?

A

Depend on truths from reason, support is deductive

30
Q
  1. Why are teleological arguments considered to be a posteriori arguments?
A

Depends on experience, supports are inductive

31
Q
  1. Give a rough explanation of how the Subtraction Argument is supposed to show how we know what Nothing is.
A

Subtraction Argument shows that you can gradually take away stuff, and when everything is gone, that is Nothing. Less something is the model for Nothing.

32
Q
  1. Briefly explain the Conservation of Existence Thesis and how it would be a form of reply to Cosmological Arguments.
A

. From nothing… nothing comes and goes, things change form, replies to cosmological arguments with the ontological arguments

33
Q
  1. Explain the assumption of ontological arguments: it is better for things to __ than not.
A

exist

34
Q
  1. State a ‘toy’ ontological argument for God’s existence (3 sentences, preferably)
A

God is a necessary being, necessary beings must exist, so god must exist

35
Q
  1. State a version of the idolatry worry about the ontological argument.
A

Are we making God in our own image? Do we really understand God?

36
Q
  1. Explain the logical form of the problem of evil for belief in God.
A
  • An all good God want to create a perfectly good world
  • All powerful Good would be able to create one
  • No evil in a perfectly good world
  • There is evil in the world
37
Q
  1. Give a version of the judgment argument that unhappiness and disappointment serve good ends.
A

Without unhappy feelings, one cant develop judgement. Feeling bad about a test makes you want to study harder for the next one

38
Q
  1. Explain the following sentence: the cosmological argument depends on the ontological argument for proving God as necessary
A

CA needs for God to be proven instead of just off experience because that is a foundational idea

39
Q
  1. Explain the following sentence: teleological arguments and the problem of evil are symmetric
A

God of the gaps problem, science keep catching up to things previously associated with God’s work

40
Q
  1. Anselm’s Proslogion is addressed to _______, as a _______. What is the significance of that?
A

God, prayer, means that he believes in God already

41
Q
  1. What is the argument from brains against the existence of souls?
A

Used against the case for libertarianism. Brain is a causal structure like the soul and theres no room for free will to do anything

42
Q
  1. Explain the following sentence: If we view free will as a skill, then we have elitist results.
A

Skills are gradable and social products, meaning that there are people who are unfree because of their social position in culture

43
Q
  1. What is the significance of the fact that we do not have direct control over our beliefs?
A

Means that free will is a skill, as volunteerism is false and indirect volunteerism is how humans operate.

44
Q
  1. What is the connection between compatibilist views of free will as a skill and the program of liberal arts education?
A

Liberal arts education forces you to take a list of classes, even though liberal is supposed to be free. The answer is contrasted with no knowledge and liberal arts provide those skills

45
Q
  1. Explain why ‘free will skepticism’ is a fourth possibility with the free will debates, different from libertarianism, compatibilism, and determinism.
A

Free will skepticism is different from all three because they believe that there is no free will AND that all things aren’t determined. These are followed by the JWB and RWA people.

46
Q
  1. Explain why those who object to cosmological arguments hold that the thought of the ‘Universe as whole is a contingency’ have committed the compositional fallacy.
A

Parts of the universe can be contingent, but that doesn’t mean that the whole universe is. Compositional fallacy says that just because parts of a whole have a property doesn’t mean that the whole does.

47
Q
  1. What is theistic rationalism, and what makes it different from religion as it is regularly practiced?
A

Religion regularly practiced is for better understanding, theistic rationalism is the model for God (justice, intelligence)

48
Q
  1. What does it mean for Anselm to say “I believe in order to understand…”?
A

Faith seeking understanding

49
Q
  1. Explain the following sentence: Free will theodicy depends on a libertarian understanding for freedom.
A

Free agents can do good or evil, determinism doesn’t allow for this

50
Q
  1. Explain one of the paradoxes of God’s properties/nature.
A

Paradox 3- Freedom and Beneficence- God is good and free, if he is supremely good he cant do otherwise, God can do otherwise

PHIL 1002 (2 decks)

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